Modeling the supply chain risk and barriers to electric vehicle technology adoption in India

Abstract

The Electric Vehicle (EV) technology is believed to be the most effective to reduce dependency on petrol and diesel vehicles and thereby achieve clean environmental objectives. In pursuit of achieving emission net zero by 2070, central government and state governments are putting substantial efforts to drive the EV technology growth in India. The central and state governments in India through various schemes such as Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Hybrid and Electric Vehicles (FAME-II), Production Linked Incentive Scheme (PLI), Swapping policy for batteries, Special Electric Mobility Zone, and subsidies such as tax rebate on EVs. Yet the complete switch to the EVs from petrol and diesel vehicles, still has significant technology and supply chain barriers. This research paper identifies the risks and barriers with respect to supply chain, technology, finance, and policy for the growth of EV technology in India. The research paper using an Interpretive Structural Model (ISM) demonstrates the critical supply chain barriers. Based on the analysis carried out in this research paper, the barriers such as availability of battery packs, raw materials, charging network, and interoperability of batteries are the most critical supply chain barriers to implementing EV technology in India. The research findings will enable policymakers to develop a sustainable EV supply chain in India and in similar developing countries.