Cooling of neutron stars through emission of neutrinos and photons: effects of modified gravity and magnetic field using tov equations

Abstract

The existence of dark matter has long been extensively studied in the past few decades. In this study, we investigate the emission of neutrinos and photons from neutron stars (NSs) by employing the modified theory of gravity and the corresponding Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkoff (TOV) system of equations. The extreme matter density and magnetic field inside the NSs provide a unique laboratory for studying fundamental physics, including the interplay between gravity and quantum field effects. The impact of a strong magnetic field has also been incorporated into the corresponding TOV equations. We here attempt to see how neutrinos and photons emissions from these compact objects are impacted by the modified TOV equations due to modified theory of gravity; f(R,T) gravity or scalar-tensor theory and strong magnetic fields. Our analysis focuses on how these modifications influence the structure, cooling, and photon/neutrino luminosities of NS. We computed the surface temperature of NSs for normal Einstein gravity and modified gravity theories with and without magnetic field for three EoSs; namely APR, FPS and SLY. On comparison of our predicted values of surface temperature with the observed surface temperature for three NSs, we find that modified gravity along with inside magnetic field-based predictions shows reasonable agreement with the corresponding observed values.