A historical perspective on impedance spectroscopy and its application in biological detection

Abstract

Electrical/electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is a generalized term for the technique in which the impedance response of a system/analyte is generally measured over a particular range of frequencies to analyze its behavior. Sometimes, the measurement can also be taken over the time domain, and then Fourier-transformed to the frequency domain. The impedance measurements recorded in a particular medium interpret the behavior of the analyte, which is further adapted as per the user’s needs. The EIS measurements can be utilized for any kind of analyte, viz. biological/nonbiological and solid/liquid/gas, provided they show a noticeable impedance change. Hence, EIS has a large domain of applicability and with a view to enhance its capability, extensive research in this field is being done with various analytes.

To offer the knowledge of this field’s most recent literature to researchers and experimentalists, this book primarily compiles the various studies available in the impedance spectroscopy domain. The chapters of this book have been organized to initially detail the fundamentals of the EIS process, its device fabrication aspects, various substrate/material requirements, the utility of microfluidic integration, its applications (mostly biological), various technological integrations, and, finally, the challenges in EIS implementation.