Characterization of 2D nanomaterials using spectroscopic and microscopic approaches

Abstract

For a comprehensive understanding of 2D-NM to use in pharmaceutical and biomedical applications an accurate characterization is required, for example, modifications in shape and size, structural compositions, etc., result in significant changes in nanomaterial characteristics. Diverse characterization techniques should support the results of the characterization of various nanostructures/nanomaterials until phase certainty is proven. Structural characterization is being strengthened by XRD, TEM, and Raman techniques, and for morphological evaluations, individual methods like FE-SEM, HR-TEM, STM (conductive), DLS, AFM, and SEM are used practically. Other advancements in nanomaterial characterization include Auger electron spectroscopy, nonlinear optics

NLO spectroscopy, electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), and thermal characterization ultimately provides information of the phase and chemical composition of nanomaterials. It is proposed that metrics such as the shape and size of particles, functionalities, multiple layers, or colloidal attributes of graphene-like materials be documented to increase repeatability and allow comparison of 2D materials manufactured or used by various organizations. This chapter summarizes a wide range of alternative characterization approaches for 2D-NM mainly carbon-based materials which are extensively used in the developing biomedical world. The researchers and developers need to evaluate the mechanical, electrical, or electromagnetic stress on such materials; hence these real-time investigations are intended to reveal new insights into material characteristics.