Abstract:
The growing need for sustainable energy alternatives and the environmental impact of fossil fuel use has driven the search for more efficient bioenergy production methods. Lignocellulosic biomass is a key renewable resource, but its intricate structure presents significant challenges in conversion to biofuels. Nanotechnology deals with advanced solutions to these hurdles by improving biomass pre-treatment, enhancing the efficiency of biofuel generation, and refining downstream processing methods. This review article explores the role of several nanomaterials (such as carbon-based materials (graphene, carbon nanotubes), metal nanoparticles (iron oxide, nickel oxide), and advanced structures like metal-organic frameworks (MOFs)) in advancing bioenergy generation. These nanomaterials, along with their higher surface area and unique catalytic properties, meaningfully increase enzymatic hydrolysis, microbial activity, and overall conversion efficacy. Recent developments in the field have revealed that nanocatalysts can intensify biofuel yields by up to 80 %, improving enzyme stability and allowing for repeated use of catalysts. However, numerous challenges need to be addressed, including the higher costs associated with nanomaterial production, issues of scalability, and concerns about the potential environmental effect of these materials. To overcome these burdens, further intensive research is needed to develop more eco-friendly, biodegradable nanomaterials and establish consistent conventions for their safe and sustainable use in the bioenergy process. This review article highlights the critical role of nanotechnology in the future of bioenergy production and offers a detailed analysis of recent achievements, trends, and future directions. The outcomes of this study aim to stimulate continued innovation in nanotechnology applications, paving the way for more sustainable bioenergy solutions and reducing the carbon footprint in the global scenario.