Pulsar as a weber detector of gravitational waves and a probe to its internal phase transitions

Abstract

It is believed that cores of neutron stars provide a natural laboratory where exotic high baryon density phases of quantum chromo dynamics (QCD) may exist. In fact, the theoretically well-established neutron superfluid phase is also believed to be found only inside neutron stars. Focus on neutrons stars has tremendously intensified in recent years with the direct detection of gravitational waves (GWs) by LIGO/Virgo from binary neutron star (BNS) merger events which has allowed the possibility of directly probing the properties of the interior of a neutron star. A truly remarkable phenomenon manifested by rapidly rotating neutron stars is in their avatar as Pulsars. The accuracy of pulsar timing can reach the level of one part in 101⁢5, comparable to that of atomic clocks. Indeed, it was such a great accuracy which had allowed the first indirect detection of GWs from a BNS system. Such an incredible accuracy of pulse timings points to a very interesting possibility. Any deformation of the pulsar, even if it is extremely tiny, has the potential of leaving its imprints on the pulses through introduction of tiny perturbations in the entire moment of inertia (MI) tensor. While, the diagonal components of perturbed MI tensor affect the pulse timings, the off-diagonal components lead to wobbling of pulsar, directly affecting the pulse profile. This opens up a new window of opportunity for exploring various phase transitions occurring inside a pulsar core, through induced density fluctuations, which may be observable as perturbations in the pulse timing as well as its profile. Such perturbations also naturally induce a rapidly changing quadrupole moment of the star, thereby providing a new source of GW emission. Another remarkable possibility arises when we consider the effect of an external GW on neutron star. With the possibility of detecting any minute changes in its configuration through pulse observations, the neutron star has the potential of performing as a Weber detector of GW. This brief review will focus on these specific aspects of a pulsar. Specifically, the focus will be on the type of physics which can be probed by utilizing the effect of changes in the MI tensor of the pulsar on pulse properties.