Abstract:
The rising prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS), such as obesity and its hepatic complication, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), necessitates safe, effective, and protective interventions. Natural products, such as carotenoids, including bixin derived from annatto seeds, have emerged as promising candidates due to their multifaceted pharmacological properties. This study aimed to characterize the edible food pigment bixin and other co-existing bioactives in acetone- and ethyl lactate-extracts of Bixa Orellana L. seeds, followed by their anti-adipogenic and anti-steatotic assessments using in-vitro models of obesity and NAFLD. LC-MS analysis revealed the presence of various phytochemicals in the bixin rich solvent extracts. In vitro studies demonstrated differential and significant anti-adipogenic and anti-steatotic effects of bixin (pure pigment) and solvent extracts of annatto seeds (P < 0.05). The LC-MS profiling of annatto seed extracts revealed the presence of bixin and several bixinoids. Other key phytochemicals that were identified were eicosatrienoic acid, geranylgeraniol, hypolatein, δ-tocotrienol, caffeoyl acid derivative, and zeaxanthin, which were differentially abundant in each solvent extract. Bixin and coexisting bioactives in the annatto seed extracts demonstrated significant anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-lipidemic effects (P < 0.05) in the present in vitro MetS models. Further studies may be directed toward evaluating the nutraceutical potential of bixin in combination with the implicated phytochemicals in the extracts for treating metabolic disorders.