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Sustainable ceramic bricks for toxic industrial waste inertization: factory scale development and characterization

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dc.contributor.author Singhal, Anupam
dc.contributor.author Routroy, Srikanta
dc.contributor.author Bhunia, Dipendu
dc.date.accessioned 2025-08-11T09:46:43Z
dc.date.available 2025-08-11T09:46:43Z
dc.date.issued 2025-07
dc.identifier.uri https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-96-0746-4_26
dc.identifier.uri http://dspace.bits-pilani.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/19177
dc.description.abstract This work reports factory-scale development of cleaner ceramic bricks with the incorporation of hazardous nickel chromium electroplating sludge (NCS) obtained during chrome-plated steel production. The NCS is particularly rich in chromium and nickel, the two metals used for chrome plating. Earlier attempts to incorporate NCS in ceramic bricks faced substantial strength reduction due to heavy metals’ presence. We engineered a high-volume incorporation of pulverised coal fuel ash (PFA) along with NCS and tested 20 compositions with varying proportion of the three ingredients. The optimum composition was obtained with 37.5% PFA, 12.5% NCS, and remaining clay soil. The optimum composition bricks witnessed substantially enhanced density and compressive strength, reduced water absorption and efflorescence. XRD analysis indicated formation of spinel structure and mullite leading to strength enhancement. SEM analysis indicated increased pore filling in brick matrix with PFA cenospheres. XRF analysis revealed appreciable presence of fluxing oxides in NCS which facilitated the sintering process. Additionally, higher amount of reactive silica and alumina in PFA led to formation of stronger ceramic bonds. Leaching tests by Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure indicated negligible release of heavy metals, indicating successful immobilization of heavy metals. The developed methodology provides the relevant stakeholders an eco-friendly, economical, readily deployable scheme for eliminating the mounting NCS accumulation. en_US
dc.language.iso en en_US
dc.publisher Springer en_US
dc.subject Civil engineering en_US
dc.subject Cleaner ceramic bricks en_US
dc.subject Nickel chromium electroplating en_US
dc.title Sustainable ceramic bricks for toxic industrial waste inertization: factory scale development and characterization en_US
dc.type Book chapter en_US


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