Wheat (Triticum aestivum) is a major staple food crop, plays a crucial role in food security, and is grown on an area of 221.6 million hectares (Mha) in multi-environments throughout the globe. Annual wheat production was ...

In theclassicalframework,theNavier–Stokes–Fourier equations areobtainedthroughthelinearuncoupled thermodynamic force-fluxrelationswhichguarantee the non-negativityoftheentropyproduction. However,theconventionalthermo ...

Thin-film-based nanoporous membrane technologies exploit evaporation to efficiently cool microscale and nanoscale electronic devices. At these scales, when domain sizes become comparable to the mean-free path in the vapor, ...

Due to the failure of the continuum hypothesis for higher Knudsen numbers, rarefied gases and microflows of gases are particularly difficult to model. Macroscopic transport equations compete with particle methods, such as ...

Macroscopic models based on moment equations are developed to describe the transport of mass and energy near the phase boundary between a liquid and its rarefied vapour due to evaporation and hence, in this study, condensation. ...

The inability of the Navier-Stokes-Fourier equations to capture rarefaction effects motivates us to adopt the extended hydrodynamic equations. In the present work, a hydrodynamic model, which consists of the conservation ...

Determining physically admissible boundary conditions for higher moments in an extended continuum model is recognised as a major obstacle. Boundary conditions for the regularised 26-moment (R26) equations obtained using ...

A transition from a d2 to a d law is observed in molecular dynamics (MD) simulations when the diameter (d) of an evaporating droplet reduces to the order of the vapor’s mean free path; this cannot be explained by classical ...

The second-order non-Navier-Fourier constitutive laws, expressed in a compact algebraic mathematical form, were validated for the force-driven Poiseuille gas flow by the deterministic atomic-level microscopic molecular ...

Flow and heat transfer in a bottom-heated square cavity in a moderately rarefied gas is investigated using the R13 equations and the Navier–Stokes–Fourier equations. The results obtained are compared with those from the ...