Cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) is an interdependent dysfunction of the heart and kidneys, where failure in one organ precipitates failure in the other. The pathophysiology involves sustained renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system ...

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a progressive kidney disorder that develops as a complication of diabetes due to long-term exposure to elevated blood glucose levels (BGLs). In this case, an intervention of therapeutic moieties ...

Neurotensin (NT), a bioactive tridecapeptide aids in diabetic wound healing by modulating inflammation and angiogenesis. However, its rapid degradation in peptidase-rich wound environment (plasma half-life <2 min) limits ...

Eye-related diseases, specifically retinal dystrophy (RD) conditions, are the leading cause of blindness worldwide. Gene addition, regulation, or editing could potentially treat such diseases through gene expression ...

MicroRNA-29b (miR-29b) is known for its therapeutic potential as an antifibrotic and anticancer agent. In fibrotic conditions, miR-29b inhibits fibrogenesis by downregulating crucial regulators such as collagens, extracellular ...

Docetaxel (DTX) has become widely accepted as a first-line treatment for metastatic breast cancer; however, the frequent development of resistance provides challenges in treating the disease.C60 fullerene introduces a ...

Epigenetics mechanisms play a significant role in human diseases by altering DNA methylation status, chromatin structure, and/or modifying histone proteins. By modulating the epigenetic status, the expression of genes can ...

Temozolomide (TMZ) is considered as a standard-of-care DNA alkylating agent for treating glioblastoma multiforme. Despite being a highly potent molecule, TMZ poses several limitations, including short half-life, rapid ...

Chitin is the most abundant amino-polysaccharide polymer found in nature. Chitosan is the main derivative of chitin, which is obtained from the alkaline deacetylation of chitin. Because chitosan has some limitations, ...

Caveolin, the protein of the caveolar membrane, interacts and binds with endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), forming a caveolin-eNOS complex leading to suppression of the eNOS activity. Caveolin, therefore, maintains ...