Browsing by Author "Chattopadhyay, Pradipta"

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Analyzing milk foam using machine learning for diverse applications
(Springer, 2022-08) Chattopadhyay, Pradipta
In the beverages industry, milk foaming is done to enhance the flavor, texture, and visual appeal of milk-based beverages. It is very crucial to study milk foam properties not just to create visually appealing and rich in taste beverages but also to estimate the adulterants present in it. Machine learning is being used in every field nowadays as it can analyze large datasets quickly and help in making data-driven decisions. This paper is a demonstration of how a futuristic apparatus will detect the best type of milk for beverages and identify milk adulteration using machine learning. In the current study, machine learning methods are employed to assess milk foam properties. This study aims to choose the best type of milk for foam-based milk beverages preparations and detect surfactants often used in low concentrations for foaming but act as adulterants at high concentrations. Surfactants alter the foaming properties of milk in different ways depending on their charge and are therefore used in the dairy industry. By using machine learning techniques, the impact of three different surfactants, having distinct ionic properties, on three distinct types of milk have been analyzed. It was found that foaming properties of milk were highly correlated to each other. “Random forest classifier” turned out to be the most effective among all the machine learning models in both the tasks. Heating and addition of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) improved foaming. The findings of this study can be used for deriving valuable insights about the dairy industry
Assessment of bimetallic Zn/Fe0 nanoparticles stabilized Tween-80 and rhamnolipid foams for the remediation of diesel contaminated clay soil
(Elsevier, 2023-01) Roy, Banasri; Chattopadhyay, Pradipta
Diesel contamination of soil due to oil spills, disposal of refinery waste, oil exploration constitutes a major environmental problem. This paper reports the remediation of diesel contaminated clay soil using Zn/Fe0 bimetallic nanoparticle stabilized Rhamnolipid (RMLP) and Tween-80 (TW-80) surfactant foams. Fe0, and Zn (x wt%)/Fe0 (x = 0.2, 2.0, and 10.0) bimetallic nanoparticles are synthesized by using sodium borohydride reduction method. The average particle size (from FESEM) is calculated to be 62, 57, 42 and 35 nm for the Fe0, Zn (0.2)/Fe0, Zn (2)/Fe0 and Zn (10)/Fe0 nanopowders, respectively. The highest foamability and foam stability of 109.6 and 108.5 mL, respectively are observed for the RMLP (12 mg/l) surfactant foam stabilized with 6 mg/l Zn (10)/Fe0 nanoparticles. The surface tension values reduce to the lowest value of 28.1 and 31.4 mN/m with the addition of 6 mg/l of Zn (10)/Fe0 powder in RMLP and TW-80 solutions of 12 mg/l, respectively. The maximum diesel removal efficiency of 83.8 and 59%, is achieved by RMLP (12 mg/l) foam stabilized by Zn (10)/Fe0 nanoparticles (6 mg/l) for the clay soil contaminated with 100 and 500 μl/g of diesel, respectively. The physicochemical properties of the nanoparticles are studied to explain the foam properties and the remediation behavior. These findings regarding the nanoparticle stabilized foams can offer a cost-effective environment friendly commercial solution for soil remediation in the future.
Characterization and Application of Surfactant Foams Produced from Ethanol-Sodium Lauryl Sulfate-Silica Nanoparticle Mixture for Soil Remediation
(Wiley, 2017) Chattopadhyay, Pradipta
Soils contaminated with diesel oil spilling from industrial areas, pipelines constitute a major environmental problem. This subsequently leads to the contamination of groundwater as well. Hence recently there is an increasing trend of usage of better techniques and agents that can perform diesel oil contaminated soil remediation with greater efficiency. The aim of this study is to report the potential, efficiency of using silica nanoparticle stabilized anionic surfactant foams for diesel contaminated soil remediation and also the different characteristics of the foam produced. Also comparison in terms of soil remediation efficiency using surfactant dispersions only were performed. The foams were produced from dispersions comprising of ethanol, anionic surfactant sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) and silica nanoparticles, both hydrophobic and hydrophilic. The foamability and stability of the different foams were determined using the Dynamic Foam Analyzer DFA 100 (Kruss GmbH, Germany). The surfactant foams generated were then applied to the contaminated soil using a fabricated column. The results showed the gradual stabilization of the SLS foams by the use of the silica nanoparticles. The maximum diesel oil removal efficiency obtained by applying foam stabilized with 0.3 wt% hydrophobic silica nanoparticle, 10 vol% ethanol, 0.1 vol% SLS was 94.5%. The 0.3 wt% hydrophobic silica nanoparticle, 10 vol% ethanol, 0.1 vol% SLS surfactant solution showed only 61.5% maximum oil removal efficiency.
Comparison of zero-valent iron and iron oxide nanoparticle stabilized alkyl polyglucoside phosphate foams for remediation of diesel-contaminated soils
(Elsiever, 2019-06-15) Chattopadhyay, Pradipta; Roy, Banasri
Stable surfactant foam might play a vital role in the effective remediation of diesel oil contaminated soil-a major environmental hazard. This paper, first of its kind, is reporting the remediation of diesel-contaminated desert soil, coastal soil and clay soil by aqueous alkylpolyglucoside phosphate (APG-Ph) surfactant foams stabilized by Fe0 and Fe3O4 nanoparticles. Zero-valent iron (Fe0, ∼28 nm) and iron oxide (Fe3O4, ∼20 nm) nanoparticles are synthesized by liquid-phase reduction and precipitation methods, respectively. The effect of these nanoparticles on foamability, foam stability, surface tension and remediation of diesel-contaminated soils are examined at various concentrations (volume %) of alkylpolyglucoside phosphate (APG-Ph) surfactant and nanoparticles (mg/l). The maximum values of foamability and foam stability recorded for 0.1 vol % APG-Ph foam stabilized by 3.5 mg/l Fe0 are 108.3 and 110.4 mL, respectively. At the same conditions, the Fe3O4 results in 99.4 and 87.5 mL, respectively, depicting the better performance of Fe0. Reduction in surface tension of 0.1 vol % APG-Ph solution (50.75 mN/m) with the addition of 3.5 mg/l Fe0 (9.51 mN/m) and Fe3O4 (19.45 mN/m) nanoparticle is observed. Both the nanoparticles enhance remediation. The foam formed with 0.1 vol % APG-Ph and stabilized by 3.5 mg/l Fe0 shows the maximum diesel removal efficiency of 95.3, 94.6, and 57.5% for coastal soil, desert soil and clay soil, respectively. On the other hand, Fe3O4 (3.5 mg/l) stabilized APG-Ph foam of the same concentration shows merely 76.0, 79.6 and 51.6% diesel removal efficiency for coastal soil, desert soil, and clay soil, respectively. The rate of diesel removal by zero-valent iron and iron oxide nanoparticle stabilized foams are found to be well described by the first order kinetic model. Higher foamability, foam stability, and reducing capacity accompanying lower surface tension, compared to those of the Fe3O4 nanoparticle stabilized foam, could explain higher diesel removal efficiency of the Fe0 nanoparticle stabilized foam.
Effects of N-alkanol adsorption on bubble acceleration and local velocities in solutions of the homologous series from ethanol to N-decanol
(MDPI, 2023-03) Chattopadhyay, Pradipta
The influence of n-alkanol (C2–C10) water solutions on bubble motion was studied in a wide range of concentrations. Initial bubble acceleration, as well as local, maximal and terminal velocities during motion were studied as a function of motion time. Generally, two types of velocity profiles were observed. For low surface-active alkanols (C2–C4), bubble acceleration and terminal velocities diminished with the increase in solution concentration and adsorption coverage. No maximum velocities were distinguished. The situation is much more complicated for higher surface-active alkanols (C5–C10). In low and medium solution concentrations, bubbles detached from the capillary with acceleration comparable to gravitational acceleration, and profiles of the local velocities showed maxima. The terminal velocity of bubbles decreased with increasing adsorption coverage. The heights and widths of the maximum diminished with increasing solution concentration. Much lower initial acceleration values and no maxima presence were observed in the case of the highest n-alkanol concentrations (C5–C10). Nevertheless, in these solutions, the observed terminal velocities were significantly higher than in the case of bubbles moving in solutions of lower concentration (C2–C4). The observed differences were explained by different states of the adsorption layer in the studied solutions, leading to varying degrees of immobilization of the bubble interface, which generates other hydrodynamic conditions of bubble motion.
Experimental Determination of Foaming Characteristics of Aqueous Iso-Propanol Solution by Addition of Surfactants
(WRA, 2011) Chattopadhyay, Pradipta
Foams are colloidal systems in which a gas phase is dispersed throughout a continuous liquid phase. The development and stability of aqueous foams have long been of great practical interest because of their widespread occurrence in everyday life. Which parameters influence and govern the aqueous foam development and lead to stable foam formation are critical for soap and detergent manufacturing industries. In the series of experiments conducted, aqueous isopropanol was used as the chief solution where the foaming would be observed. The detergents Surf Excel Blue and Tide were used as surfactants for the foam production. As a result of the tests performed, Foaminess or foam producing capability and foam persistence time were obtained. The results show a distinct correlation between foaming characteristics and concentrations of aqueous isopropanol and surfactants used.
Foam Over’ Temperatures Using Glass Coker Experimentation: A Case Study
(IUP, 2011-09) Chattopadhyay, Pradipta
In petroleum refineries, excessive foaming in process equipments leads to inefficiency and higher maintenance cost. A very relevant aspect of current petroleum refinery operations is the heating up of vacuum resid in a coke drum and the subsequent generation of unwanted foam. This research paper describes the foam produced by heating vacuum resid in a glass coker experimental set up in terms of foam over temperature. The vacuum resids for analysis were obtained from major US oil companies like Chevron, Shell, Petrobras, etc. Run data are provided that illustrate the variation of foam over temperature for different vacuum resids and at what time the foam over phenomenon started during the glass coker run. Also the production of white vapors (an intermediate stage for foam generation), in terms of the first incidence of white vapor temperature have been reported. The experimental results clearly lead to the fact that foaming during a glass coker run is dependent on the resid (feedstock) properties and run operating conditions.
Foaming and Cleaning Performance Comparison of Liquid Detergent Formulations using Mixtures of Anionic and Nonionic Surfactants
(Degruyter, 2018-03-09) Chattopadhyay, Pradipta
Modern detergents are typically appreciated for their cleaning performance rather than foaming characteristics. The aim of the current study was to compare the foaming and cleaning abilities of liquid detergents, built from a combination of surfactants, to be applied for household laundry purpose. A total of eighteen different liquid detergent formulations containing mixtures of important anionic, nonionic surfactants, and other additives were prepared. The first set of nine new detergent formulations (S1) was prepared using the surfactants sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), Tween-20 and Tween-80. Another set of nine new detergent formulations (S2) was prepared using surfactants SLS, Triton X-100 and alkyl polyglucoside (APG). The impact of water quality (RO, hypersaline or hard water) on the foam properties of the detergent formulation sets (S1 and S2) was systematically examined. The second set of detergent formulations (S2) showed a better performance in terms of foamability and foam stability, regardless of the water quality. Also, the surface tension of the detergent formulation set S2 was found to be lower and it showed a higher detergency for both cotton and woolen fabrics. The detergency of the formulation no S2.9 (in set S2) was the maximum amongst all the detergent formulations. The surface morphology of the cotton and woolen fabrics, washed with liquid detergent formulation no S2.9, displayed the removal of oily soil and grease from the surface of the fabrics, without affecting the quality of the fabrics.
Impact of protein nanoparticles on beer foam
(Springer, 2023-06) Roy, Banasri; Chattopadhyay, Pradipta
Beer foam adds a visual aesthetic to the beer- a good beer foam layer presents the beer as fresh and tasty and attracts customers. Beer foam also helps in maintaining the flavor of the beer by acting as an airtight blanket preventing the escape of CO2 from the beer. Thus, stable, long-lasting beer foam is preferred in the final product irrespective of consumer preferences. Beer foam stability is impacted by the proteins and protein nanoparticles. This work encompasses the effects that proteins and protein nanoparticles have on foaming in beer. Studies regarding the impact of protein nanoparticles on the quality of beer foam are also discussed.
Impact of temperature and surfactant addition on milk foams
(Elsiever, 2021-06) Chattopadhyay, Pradipta; Dhoble, Abhishek
Milk is a complex colloidal solution. Knowledge of milk composition assay is essential for better applications in the dairy industry apart from processing and storage. Several techniques are reported in literature, but their applications are limited due to chemical entailment, invasive nature, and complicated procedures. The present work investigates the possibility of using milk foam properties as composition markers of milk. Surfactants play a key role in generating foams. In the present work, the effect of surfactants and temperature on foams produced from milk of different fat composition was investigated. Temperature effects and the impact of cationic, anionic, and non-ionic surfactants on foams produced from three milk types (cow milk, toned milk, and full cream milk) were studied. Toned milk added with an anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) at 60 °C showed comparatively higher foamability of 122.4 mL. Among pure milk samples, toned milk showed a comparatively higher foamability of 114.65 mL. Cationic surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) showed better milk foaming properties. Tween 80, a non-ionic surfactant showed a minimal or neutral effect on foam properties of milk. The results attained could lay the foundations for developing a novel milk assay protocol with the use of surfactant foams and thermal pre-treatments.
An in-Depth Analysis of Ethanol Based Aqueous Foams for Environmental Applications
(IJCS, 2016) Chattopadhyay, Pradipta
The foamability parameters of surfactant generated aqueous ethanol based foams are critical for remediation of petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated soil. To gain more insight into foams that will be suitable for this application, different aqueous foams were generated by the use of ethanol, surfactant Sodium Lauryl Sulfate (SLS), constant injection of air and then tested for foaming capability, using a Dynamic Foam Analyzer (Kruss GmbH, Germany). The results showed that 30 volume % ethanol solution with 10 mg of SLS added was the best in terms of foamability and thus well suited for soil remediation.
Optimum conditions of zero-valent iron nanoparticle stabilized foam application for diesel-contaminated soil remediation involving three major soil types
(Springer, 2021-08) Chattopadhyay, Pradipta
Stability of foam, enhanced by nano zero-valent iron (nZVI) and its optimized constituents, may have significant potential for effective treatment of soil contaminated with diesel oil—a major environmental problem. The optimum diesel removal efficiency from distinct types of soil accomplished by the unique application of such foams as well as the optimum conditions of the foaming constituents have not been reported in literature so far. Hence, in this work, the removal of diesel contaminant from different soil types (desert, coastal, clay soil) is optimized, and the optimized results are reported for the first time, using response surface methodology (RSM), for alkylpolyglucoside phosphate (APG-Ph) foam, stabilized by nZVI. The effect of concentrations of APG-Ph (0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08, and 0.1 volume %) and nZVI (2, 3, and 3.5 mg/l) on diesel removal efficacy from soil is studied using Box-Behnken design (BBD) of response surface methodology (RSM). Maximum diesel removal efficiency obtained at a concentration of 0.1 volume % APG-Ph foam with 3.5 mg/l nZVI for desert, coastal, and clay soil is 94.6, 95.3, and 57.5%, respectively. The optimum concentrations of APG-Ph and nZVI are found to be 0.98 volume % and 0.8 mg/l, respectively. Validation of this optimal condition experimentally results in highest removal efficiency of 98.3, 97.2, and 75.9% for desert, coastal, and clay soil respectively. This is in good agreement with the predicted values by RSM (98.67, 97.57, and 76.85%). The maximum diesel removal efficiency predicted at optimal concentration of APG-Ph and nZVI is significantly larger than the results reported in literature in last three years.
Optimum Dodecanol-detergent foam performance for formulation of eco-friendly surfactants
(WRA, 2016-03) Chattopadhyay, Pradipta
Optimum foam performance is of tremendous importance from the standpoint of formulation of biodegradable, environmental friendly surfactants. To gain deeper understanding on foams required for judging such surfactants, aqueous foams generated by the use of mixtures of dodecanol, n-butanol and popular detergent Surf Excel were first characterized using a Dynamic Foam Analyzer DFA 100 (Kruss GmbH, Germany) for parameters like foam capacity and RMI 30. Mathematical models for foam capacity and RMI 30 were developed by using the Central Composite Experimental Design (CCD) approach of Response Surface Methodology and then statistically analyzed and validated. The responses obtained in the study were foam capacity (FC) and RMI 30 in mL. Numerical optimization for the responses, using the model equations developed, was performed by using Design- Expert Software version 9.0.4.1. The optimum values of responses FC and RMI 30 were found to be in reasonable agreement with the experimental results
Optimum Ethanol-Hexanol Foams for Formulation of Detergents
(IJCS, 2015) Chattopadhyay, Pradipta
The accurate and speedy characterization of aqueous foams generated by the use of surfactants are critical for the formulation of soaps and detergents. This paper describes details of experimental studies directed towards measurement of foaming properties of mixture of ethanol, hexanol and sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS). The experimental results are of great relevance with respect to the formulation of detergents, which can be generated by use of alcohol-surfactant mixtures. The foams were generated by the injection of air at a constant flow rate of 5 mL/sec into aqueous mixtures of ethanol, hexanol with sodium lauryl sulfate. The foams were then characterized using a Dynamic Foam Analyzer (Kruss GmbH, Germany). The foamability, stability parameters like foam capacity, RMI 30, were determined and their variation with changes in ethanol, hexanol and SLS amounts added to solution were noted. Model equations for foam capacity and RMI 30 were developed by using the Central Composite Experimental Design (CCD) approach of Response Surface Methodology (RSM), statistically analyzed and validated. The responses obtained in the study were foam capacity (FC) and RMI 30 in mL. Numerical optimization for two different strategies for the responses, were subsequently performed by using Design-Expert Software version 9.0.4.1. The optimum responses FC and RMI 30 were found to be in reasonable agreement with the experimental results.
Optimum Isopropanol foams for soil remediation applications
(WRA, 2016) Chattopadhyay, Pradipta
Potential of surfactant foam stabilized by Ethylene glycol and Allyl alcohol for the remediation of diesel contaminated soil
(Elsiever, 2019-05-14) Chattopadhyay, Pradipta
Refined petroleum products like diesel oil enters the soil as a result of damaged pipelines and storage tanks. This constitutes a major hazard for the environment as it leads to problems associated with soil contamination. The application and impact of surfactant foam, stabilized by the use of biodegradable additives — Ethylene glycol and Allyl alcohol, for treating diesel contaminated soil is a novel concept and has not been reported so far. The aim of the current work was thus to check the diesel contaminated soil remediation potential with the usage of surfactant foam, stabilized by Ethylene glycol and Allyl alcohol. To better understand the foam properties, experiments were performed by mixing the appropriate quantities of additives and two popular surfactants — Sodium n-dodecyl sulfate (SDS), Tween 80, using Dynamic Foam Analyzer (Kruss, Germany). The stable foams produced were then utilized to treat the diesel contaminated soil and interesting results were obtained. The foam stabilized by surfactant SDS in combination with 0.3 weight% Allyl alcohol showed maximum diesel oil removal efficiency of 62%. Also, surfactant Tween 80 with 0.3 weight% of Allyl alcohol produced the most stable foam with a half-life of 18 mins and resulted in maximum diesel removal efficiency of 71%. SDS, Tween 80 foams stabilized by 0.3 weight% Ethylene glycol however produced much lower diesel removal efficiency. The mechanism of surfactant adsorption onto soil was studied. The surface tension analysis, using the different additives — Ethylene glycol, Allyl alcohol with the surfactant solutions, were performed to check on the mobilization of diesel oil from the soil.
Remediation of Diesel Contaminated Soil by Tween-20 Foam Stabilized by Silica Nanoparticles
(IJCEA, 2017-06) Chattopadhyay, Pradipta
Diesel oil spills into soil from petroleum storage areas, pipelines are a major environmental hazard. There is thus an increasing demand for new, efficient agents for remediation of diesel contaminated soil. The aim of this study therefore was to analyze the efficiency of application of nanoparticle stabilized nonionic surfactant foams for remediation of diesel contaminated soil. Stable foams were produced from dispersions of hydrophilic, hydrophobic silica nanoparticles with nonionic surfactant Tween-20. The foam generated was then transferred to a column containing the contaminated soil. The maximum diesel oil removal efficiency obtained by applying Tween-20 foam stabilized with 0.5 wt% hydrophobic silica nanoparticle was 78%- much higher than that obtained for Tween-20 foam stabilized with 0.5 wt% hydrophilic silica nanoparticles. The Tween-20 surfactant solution alone showed only 42% maximum oil removal efficiency.
Remediation of Diesel-contaminated soil using zero-valent nano-nickel and zero-valent nano copper particles-stabilized Tween 80 surfactant foam
(Elsevier, 2023-02) Chattopadhyay, Pradipta
This paper uniquely reports the remediation of diesel-contaminated desert soil by aqueous Tween 80 (TW80) surfactant foams stabilized by zero–valent nickel (Ni0) and zero–valent copper (Cu0) nanoparticles (NPs). The sizes of synthesized nanoparticles, ∼21 nm (Cu0), ∼20 nm (Ni0), are determined by XRD and FE-SEM. The impact of these NPs (1 mg, 2 mg concentrations) on foaming characteristics, remediation of diesel-contaminated soils is explored at 2 vol% TW80 surfactant concentration. With 2 mg concentration of Ni0, Cu0 NPs and 2 vol% TW80 surfactant, it is found that 98.73 and 99.38 % diesel contaminants are removed.
Remediation of Waste Engine Oil Contaminated Soil using Rhamnolipid based Detergent Formulation
(Elsevier, 2023) Jain, Amit; Gupta, Suresh; Chattopadhyay, Pradipta
The utilization of waste substrates for rhamnolipid synthesis is a worthy alternative to conventional substrates to reduce the production cost of rhamnolipids. Rhamnolipid produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa gi |KP 163922| using waste engine oil as substrate was investigated in batch and semi-batch studies for soil bioremediation. Green liquid detergent formulations were prepared by using environment-friendly builder (sodium citrate) and filler (isopropyl alcohol). Rhamnolipid, a biosurfactant was utilized in place of chemical surfactant to prepare the liquid detergent formulation. The formulations at different rhamnolipid concentrations i.e., below critical micelle concentration (CMC), at CMC, and above CMC, were tested for soil remediation efficiency. Each detergent formulation was characterized based on emulsification index (EI24%), surface tension reduction, foam ability, and foam stability. The in-house rhamnolipid based formulations above CMC, recovered oil up to 82.02 ± 0.938 % from contaminated soil with maximum surface tension reduction and foam volume as 26.5 ± 0.412 mN/m and 51.10 ± 1.37 mL respectively. The proposed remediation strategy demonstrated that the recovery of oil is possible at room temperature conditions. The performance properties including detergency and foaming of rhamnolipid based liquid detergent formulations were also compared with commercial rhamnolipid and other detergents.
A review on physical remediation techniques for treatment of marine oil spills
(Elsiever, 2021-06-15) Chattopadhyay, Pradipta
There is a huge risk of contamination of water bodies due to the various oil exploration, transport, and industrial operational activities that are taking place across the world. Physical remediation techniques are considered extremely important for tackling the problems of marine oil spills. This paper provides a unique, specific review on the physical remediation of marine oil spills with special emphasis on types of available physical remediation techniques and their working principles. It also describes the chief latest improvements in the physical remediation techniques that have taken place with time. The paper discusses the various ways by which oil and its derivatives contaminate, and the subsequent effects these contaminants have on the marine ecosystem. The article discusses salient features that make physical remediation an effective marine oil spill counter-measure capable of recovering appreciable amounts of oil while causing minimal or no damage to the marine ecosystem and the workers carrying out the cleanup. Regarding the physical remediation methods, future research may focus on the development of hybrid booms, improved performance of skimmers for different oil types, and further applications involving novel materials like nanoparticles, zeolites for sorbents.