Browsing by Author "Jain, Amit"

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Analysis of Process Interactions in Dynamic System Using Frequency Dependent RGA
(Scientific Net, 2011-11) Jain, Amit
A frequency dependent approach to defining a dynamic relative gain array (DRGA) is discussed. The approach assumes the availability of a dynamic transfer function based process model for control loop pairing analysis. Two examples are considered: one in which the traditional RGA (based on steady-state gain matrix) gives the correct pairing recommendation and the other in which the traditional RGA suggests wrong pairings particularly in the frequency range of interest. The calculations pertaining to analysis of control loop pairing is performed using MATLAB (version 7.0.1). An inaccurate indication of the amount of interaction present is discussed
Biological synthesis of nanoparticles and their applications in bioremediation: a mini-review
(Springer, 2023-06) Jain, Amit
On an annual basis, around a million tons of toxic chemical compounds are released by process industries. The high variability in the physical and chemical properties of these chemical compounds, their cytotoxicity, and numerous interactions with biotic and abiotic environmental factors, i.e., microorganisms, plants, animals, water, organic matter, etc., have complicated the performance of remediation technologies. In recent years, nanomaterials have been integrated with biological processes to speed up and promote the removal of toxic compounds from the environment. The use of nanoparticles with biotechnology could advance remediation capabilities, avoiding process intermediates, and escalating the speed of degradation. Biosurfactants are one such green compounds that are considered novel enhancers for the synthesis of nanoparticles as they are non-toxic and environmentally benign. In the stabilization of nanoparticles, biosurfactants have shown favorable results. The biosurfactant has a significant role in the reduction of the metal precursor, as well as in nanoparticle stabilization. In this review, we discuss nanoparticle production from biological and biosurfactant-mediated synthesis, biosurfactant production from a non-pathogenic bacterium, and the use of nanoparticles for the bioremediation of contaminants. Besides, we discuss the parameters that influence the interactions of nanoparticles with biota and contaminants.
Characterization and oil recovery application of biosurfactant produced during bioremediation of waste engine oil by strain Pseudomonas aeruginosa gi|KP 16392| isolated from Sambhar salt lake
(Taylor & Francis, 2021-05-05) Jain, Amit; Gupta, Suresh
Halophilic bacterium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa gi|KP 16392| isolated from Sambhar salt lake in the southwest region of the city of Jaipur, India was tested for the first time for potential application in waste engine oil bioremediation and simultaneous biosurfactant production. In this study, the batch experiments were performed on culture grown in mineral salt medium supplemented with 5% (v/v) waste engine oil as the sole carbon source incubated for a week at pH 7.0, maintaining 35 °C and 150 rpm. The bacterial growth was monitored by the optical density and dry biomass content measurements. The biosurfactant production was affirmed with the reduction in surface tension of the culture medium from 72 ± 0.36 to 29.61 ± 0.14 mN/m. Of the total waste engine oil fed, 74.35 ± 0.037% was consumed and biodegraded to secondary metabolites. The biosurfactant yield was found to be approximately 1.02 g/L. The functional groups in the product, identified with the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirms to be rhamnolipid and characterized using microbial adhesion to hydrocarbon (math) test and methyl assay. The emulsification activity of the produced biosurfactant was assessed for various hydrophobic substrates and was found to be comparable to the chemical surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulfate). The biosynthetic pathway (de novo synthesis) used by microbial strain to form rhamnolipid is schematically represented. The performance of the purified biosurfactant in oil recovery application was tested using a simulated waste engine oil contaminated soil and it showed excellent surface activity.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON INPUT–OUTPUT PAIRING OF DYNAMIC PROCESS SYSTEMS
(Technical Journal Online, 2011) Jain, Amit
This paper compares the steady state gain based Relative Gain Array (RGA) and bandwidth dependent effective RGA (ERGA) in analyzing dynamic process interactions and making loop pairing decisions. The results are compared with the pairing recommendations based on frequency dependent dynamic RGA (DRGA). Two examples are considered: one in which both traditional RGA and ERGA gives the correct pairing recommendation and the other in which the traditional RGA and ERGA suggests different pairing recommendations particularly in the frequency range of interest. The calculations pertaining to analysis of control loop pairing is performed using MATLAB (version 7.0.1). The first example uses 2x2 transfer function distillation column model and the second one uses 3x3 transfer function model
Generation of biosurfactants by P. aeruginosa gi |KP163922| on waste engine oil in a free and immobilized cells system
(Wiley, 2024-07) Jain, Amit
This study investigated biosurfactant production by the bacterial strain of P. aeruginosa gi |KP 163922| for a free and immobilized cells system using waste engine oil (WEO) as a substrate. The polyurethane foam (PUF) cubes (1 cm × 1 cm × 1 cm) were used as carriers for the immobilization. The batch experiments were performed in Erlenmeyer flasks and monitored at every 24-h interval for both cell systems. The microbial population was counted using the plate count method, and the hydrocarbon degradation percentage was calculated to evaluate the bacterial activity. Surface tension was measured at regular intervals to ensure the presence of biosurfactants. The maximum reduction was 37 and 35 mN/m in a free and immobilized cells system. Immobilization of cells using PUF was found to be efficient in supporting bacterial growth, and after 48 h of incubation, the growth was 2.5 (±0.58) × 1011 CFU/mL. The chemical characterization using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy confirmed the obtained product as rhamnolipid. Crude biosurfactant yield was found to be maximum in the case of the immobilized system, which was approximately 18 g/L. Scanning electron micrographs (SEM) of the used PUF cubes showed the strong adherence of biofilm to the cube surface and the potential of its reuse in multiple cycles. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis confirms that the immobilized strain of P. aeruginosa exhibited superior biodegradation capabilities compared to free cells. Specifically, it was capable of reducing the concentration of polyaromatic hydrocarbons and converting more significant aliphatic compounds into metabolic byproducts such as alkanes, alkenes, cycloalkanes, and carbonyl groups.
A New Measure of Process Interaction in Time Domain Dynamics
(AICHE, 2013) Jain, Amit
The process with multiple-input, multiple-output (MIMO) is quite common in process industries. Due to the presence of interactions in such systems, their analysis needs very different approach in comparison to the conventional single-input, single-output (SISO) systems. The relative gain array (RGA), as proposed by Bristol in 1966 [1] was the first formal tool in the analysis of MIMO processes with loop interaction. The RGA was originally defined, assuming a linearized, time-invariant, multivariable process. Thus it seeks minimal information about the process in particular the steady state gains. The analysis of closed loop interaction and pairing of manipulated inputs to the appropriate controlled outputs, considering only the steady state gains may lead to the selection of inferior control configuration. The open loop step response of the process transfer functions was then adopted to incorporate the effect of process dynamics on the selection of control configuration [2, 3]. Both the methods depends only on the open loop step responses and does not give a clear depiction about the closed loop interaction.
Production, characterization, and kinetic modeling of biosurfactant synthesis by Pseudomonas aeruginosa gi |KP 163922|: a mechanism perspective
(Springer, 2023-05) Jain, Amit; Gupta, Suresh
Kinetic studies and modeling of production parameters are essential for developing economical biosurfactant production processes. This study will provide a perspective on mechanistic reaction pathways to metabolize Waste Engine Oil (WEO). The results will provide relevant information on (i) WEO concentration above which growth inhibition occurs, (ii) chemical changes in WEO during biodegradation, and (iii) understanding of growth kinetics for the strain utilizing complex substrates. Laboratory scale experiments were conducted to study the kinetics and biodegradation potential of the strain Pseudomonas aeruginosa gi |KP 163922| over a range (0.5–8% (v/v)) of initial WEO concentration for 168 h. The kinetic models, such as Monod, Powell, Edward, Luong, and Haldane, were evaluated by fitting the experimental results in respective model equations. An unprecedented characterization of the substrate before and after degradation is presented, along with biosurfactant characterization. The secretion of biosurfactant during the growth, validated by surface tension reduction (72.07 ± 1.14 to 29.32 ± 1.08 mN/m), facilitated the biodegradation of WEO to less harmful components. The strain showed an increase in maximum specific growth rate (µmax) from 0.0185 to 0.1415 h−1 upto 49.92 mg/L WEO concentration. Maximum WEO degradation was found to be ~ 94% gravimetrically. The Luong model (adj. R2 = 0.97) adapted the experimental data using a non-linear regression method. Biochemical, 1H NMR, and FTIR analysis of the produced biosurfactant revealed a mixture of mono- and di- rhamnolipid. The degradation compounds in WEO were identified using FTIR, 1H NMR, and GC–MS analysis to deduce the mechanism.
Relative Response Array: A New Tool for Control Configuration Selection
(IJCEA, 2015) Jain, Amit
This paper is an attempt to overcome the limitations associated with a dynamic measure of process interaction the “Relative Response Array (RRA)”. The RRA was originally proposed for 2 × 2 plant models only. Through this paper we are proposing the four different versions of the RRA to make it a more generalized measure of closed-loop interaction. They are defined based on open and closed-loop step response of the plant model elements using controller-independent and controller-approach. To show the applicability of the proposed measures two different examples (a 2 × 2 non-physical benchmark problem and a 3 × 3 distillation column control problem) from refereed literature have been considered. The proposed measure successfully identifies the best control configuration in both the cases whereas the well known measure of process interaction the RGA fails in one of the cases
Remediation of Waste Engine Oil Contaminated Soil using Rhamnolipid based Detergent Formulation
(Elsevier, 2023) Jain, Amit; Gupta, Suresh; Chattopadhyay, Pradipta
The utilization of waste substrates for rhamnolipid synthesis is a worthy alternative to conventional substrates to reduce the production cost of rhamnolipids. Rhamnolipid produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa gi |KP 163922| using waste engine oil as substrate was investigated in batch and semi-batch studies for soil bioremediation. Green liquid detergent formulations were prepared by using environment-friendly builder (sodium citrate) and filler (isopropyl alcohol). Rhamnolipid, a biosurfactant was utilized in place of chemical surfactant to prepare the liquid detergent formulation. The formulations at different rhamnolipid concentrations i.e., below critical micelle concentration (CMC), at CMC, and above CMC, were tested for soil remediation efficiency. Each detergent formulation was characterized based on emulsification index (EI24%), surface tension reduction, foam ability, and foam stability. The in-house rhamnolipid based formulations above CMC, recovered oil up to 82.02 ± 0.938 % from contaminated soil with maximum surface tension reduction and foam volume as 26.5 ± 0.412 mN/m and 51.10 ± 1.37 mL respectively. The proposed remediation strategy demonstrated that the recovery of oil is possible at room temperature conditions. The performance properties including detergency and foaming of rhamnolipid based liquid detergent formulations were also compared with commercial rhamnolipid and other detergents.
RGA Analysis of Dynamic Process ModelsUnder Uncertainty
(Springer, 2014) Jain, Amit
The aim of this paper is to gain insights into how process dynamics can affect control configuration decision based on relative gain array (RGA) analysis in the face of model uncertainty. Analytical expressions for worst-case bounds of uncertainty in steady-state and dynamic RGA are derived for two inputs two outputs (TITO) plant models. A simulation example which has been used in several prior studies is considered here to demonstrate the results. The obtained bounds of uncer- tainty in RGA provide valuable information pertaining to the necessity of robustness and accuracy in the model of decentralized multivariable systems.
Rhamnolipid production by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (SSL-4) on waste engine oil (WEO): Taguchi optimization, soil remediation, and phytotoxicity investigation
(Taylor & Francis, 2023-09) Jha, Prabhat Nath; Gupta, Suresh; Jain, Amit
Environmental concerns and rising biosurfactant demand emphasize the need for this study. The objective is to maximize rhamnolipid-biosurfactant production by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (SSL-4) utilizing waste engine oil (WEO) as the sole substrate for use in soil bioremediation and commercial production. Using an L16 Taguchi orthogonal array, a signal-to-noise ratio, and an analysis of variance (ANOVA), the effects of environmental (pH, incubation temperature) and dietary parameters (carbon source concentration, carbon/nitrogen (C/N) and carbon/phosphorus (C/P) ratio) are examined. Variations of the following parameters were made within a carefully selected range: incubation temperature of 25–40℃, pH range of 5–11, WEO concentration of 1–7% (v/v), and C/N and C/P ratios of 10–40. Response variables in this batch study include surface tension reduction (mN/m), dry cell biomass (DCBM) (g/L), and rhamnolipids yield based on substrate consumption, YP/S (g/g). Rhamnolipid was synthesized under optimal conditions, providing a yield of 21.42 g/g. The oil recovery of 74.05 ± 1.481% was achieved from oil-contaminated soil at a CMC of ∼70 mg/L. FTIR, 1H NMR, and UPLC-MS techniques were utilized for the characterization of rhamnolipids, and AAS for determining heavy metals concentration in WEO and residual waste engine oil (RWEO). The Germination Index (GI) of ∼82.55% indicated no phytotoxicity associated with synthesized rhamnolipid.
Sensitivity of Relative Gain Array for Processes with Uncertain Gains and Residence Times
(Elsiever, 2016) Jain, Amit
The large scale industrial plants are often multivariable in nature. The preferred choice for the control of such plants is the decentralized multi-loop control system. The performance of a multi-loop control system depends strongly on the proper selection of control configuration. The most popular tool for control configuration selection is probably the steady-state "relative gain array (RGA)”. It has later been extended to consider the effect of process dynamics. A very few attempts have been made towards the sensitivity of RGA analysis to model uncertainty and is majorly limited to the steady-state systems only. The aim of this paper is to gain insights into how process dynamics can affect control configuration decision based on RGA analysis in the face of model uncertainty. For the study, parametric uncertainty in gain and residence time of the process has been considered. Analytical expressions for worst-case bounds of uncertainty in steady-state and dynamic RGA are derived for two-input, two-output (TITO) plant models. A simulation example which has been used in several prior studies is considered here to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed approach. The simulink based closed-loop response has also been obtained to show the accuracy of results. The obtained bounds of uncertainty in RGA provide valuable information pertaining to the necessity of robustness and accuracy in the model of decentralized multivariable systems.
Studies on Closed-loop Interaction in a Multi-loop Single Tank Control System
(SPC, 2018) Jain, Amit
This paper investigates the interaction between level and flow loop in a single tank system. The data generated is used to generate all transfer functions via step test method. The model generated is then simulated on MATLAB-Simulink and the obtained results are then compared with experimental results for verification. A Relative Gain Array analysis is performed to check the interaction and comment on the pairing.
Valorization of waste engine oil to mono- and di-rhamnolipid in a sustainable approach to circular bioeconomy
(Springer, 2024-04) Jain, Amit; Gupta, Suresh
This study aims to valorize waste engine oil (WEO) for synthesizing economically viable biosurfactants (rhamnolipids) to strengthen the circular bioeconomy concept. It specifically focuses on investigating the influence of key bioprocess parameters, viz. agitation and aeration rates, on enhancing rhamnolipid yield in a fed-batch fermentation mode. The methodology involves conducting experiments in a stirred tank bioreactor (3 L) using Pseudomonas aeruginosa gi |KP 163922| as the test organism. Central composite design and response surface methodology (CCD-RSM) are employed to design the experiments and analyze the effects of agitation and aeration rates on various parameters, including dry cell biomass (DCBM), surface tension, tensoactivity, and rhamnolipid yield. It is also essential to determine the mechanistic pathway of biosurfactant production followed by the strain using complex hydrophobic substrates such as WEO. The study reveals that optimal agitation and aeration rates of 200 rpm and 1 Lpm result in the highest biosurfactant yield of 29.76 g/L with minimal surface tension (28 mN/m). Biosurfactant characterization using FTIR, 1H NMR, and UPLC-MS/MS confirm the presence of dominant molecular ion peaks m/z 543.9 and 675.1. This suggests that the biosurfactant is a mixture of mono- and di-rhamnolipids (RhaC10C10, RhaRhaC10C12:1, RhaRhaC12:1C10). The findings present a sustainable approach for biosurfactant production in a fed-batch bioreactor. This research opens the possibility of exploring the use of pilot or large-scale bioreactors for biosurfactant production in future investigations.