Browsing by Author "Kakade, Vijay B."

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Aging Resistance of Bitumen Modifiers: A Comprehensive Review
(ASME, 2023-09) Kakade, Vijay B.
The deterioration of physical and mechanical properties of bituminous materials that are attributable to the aging of bitumen is one of the major causes of reduction in service life of flexible pavements. Thermal-oxidation and photo-oxidation aging are the two major types of aging of bitumen. Heat and oxygen cause thermal-oxidative aging, whereas ultraviolet irradiation and oxygen causes ultraviolet photo-oxidative aging of bitumen. Aging of binder leads to significant changes in the chemical composition of bitumen resulting in reduction of cracking resistance of bituminous mixes because of hardening of bitumen. So, it is quintessential to reduce the rate of hardening of bitumen induced by aging for prevention of premature failure of flexible pavements. The type of bitumen used for production of bituminous mixes have a significant effect on aging resistance of bitumen. The bitumen can be modified by using different types of modifiers such as antioxidants, bio-oils, nanomaterials, polymers, rubber, and ultraviolet absorbers. In addition to this, the modifiers such as fillers, warm mix additives, and rejuvenators also affect the aging resistance of bitumen. However, the effectiveness of these modifiers in preventing the hardening of bitumen because of aging varies with type of aging. The modifiers that exhibit improvement in thermal-oxidative aging resistance of bitumen are found to be less effective in improvement in photo-oxidative aging resistance and vice-versa. So, it is imperative to understand the effectiveness of different types of bitumen modifiers for the prevention of thermal-oxidative and photo-oxidative aging of bitumen. This review documents the resistance of different types of modifiers to thermal-oxidative and photo-oxidative aging. Finally, the scope for future work based on the critical gaps identified from existing works is also provided to assist further research.
Comparison of Energy Consumption and Cost of Perpetual Concrete and Flexible Pavement
(BS Publication, 2019) Kakade, Vijay B.
Effect of aging on fatigue performance of hydrated lime modified bituminous mixes
(Elsevier, 2016-06) Kakade, Vijay B.
Hydrated lime has traditionally been used as filler primarily for its ability to improve the moisture resistance of bituminous mixes. However, studies carried out in the past showed that the addition of hydrated lime is also useful in improving the resistance of bituminous mixes to rutting, fatigue and aging. The effect of lime in increasing the stiffness of the mix can be beneficial to thicker bituminous pavements, which will be in stress control mode of fatigue. The reduction in the rate of aging due to lime can also benefit the performance of mixes due to reduction in brittleness and improvement in the healing characteristics. The present work explores the effect of hydrated lime modification of bituminous mixes on their fatigue performance. The effect of two different methods of lime addition, wet and dry, was investigated. The influence of short-term and long-term aging of the mixes on the fatigue characteristics of bituminous mixes was examined. Ten different combinations of mixes with two virgin binders, four lime modified binders and four mixes with lime added as filler were considered in the investigation. The results of laboratory tests conducted for determination of the moduli of elasticity of mixes and the fatigue performance models obtained for different mixes, under two different aging conditions, combined with the mechanistic analysis of typical bituminous pavement sections established the beneficial effect of lime in improving the fatigue lives of bituminous layers, especially for thicker pavements.
Effect of type and quantity of binder on rutting characteristics of bituminous mix
(Indian Roads Congress, 2014) Kakade, Vijay B.
Rutting is one of the most common types of failure observed on high volume bituminous pavements in India, and Viscosity Grade bitumen (VG 30) is the most common binder used for construction, and these could not provide desirable performance. Modified binders, both polymer and crumb rubber, have also been used in construction, mainly to address rutting failures. Though these binders have shown improved performance over VG 30 binders, the effect of type and amount of modified binder on the performance of mixes is not clearly understood. Although rutting in bituminous mix depends on many factors, such as size, gradation, surface texture of aggregates, type and amount of binder, etc., it is important to find out the role of the binder in the performance of the mixes. Keeping the above in view, performance of three commonly used modified binders were evaluated for binder rheological parameter G*/sin ẟ associated with rutting behaviour using dynamic shear rheometer. Bituminous mixes prepared at 0.5% incremental binder contents either side of the optimum binder content were evaluated to study the effect of type and quantity of binder on rutting performance of the mixes. A mid-point aggregate gradation of a wearing course of Indian highways, bituminous concrete, as per Indian Roads Congress specifications, was considered. Rut tester was used to evaluate the relative rutting susceptibility of the mixes. Correlation between rut depth measured and binder content on air voids for each type of binder was developed. Relative rutting performance of bituminous concrete mix at different binder content for all types of binders was evaluated and presented. Based on the study, it was observed that polymer modified binder (PMB 40) performed better compared to other binders considered in this study. Also with increase in binder content beyond certain limit, rutting susceptibility of the bituminous mixes increased irrespective of type of binder used, but the effect was less in the case of PMB 40 mixes.
Enhancing subgrade properties of black cotton soil through the combined use of sugarcane bagasse ash and ceramic waste powder
(IOP, 2024) Kakade, Vijay B.
This study explores the potential of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (SBA) and Ceramic Waste Powder (CWP) in enhancing the poor black cotton (BC) soils, known for their swelling and shrinking tendencies due to high clay content. BC soils can compromise construction stability when exposed to moisture. The research involves mixing BC soil with varying proportions of SBA and CWP: 2.5% SBA and 5% CWP, 5% SBA and 10% CWP, 7.5% SBA and 15% CWP, and 10% SBA and 20% CWP. Laboratory tests show that higher SBA and CWP ratios reduce plasticity, free swell index, and Optimum Moisture Content (OMC) in the soil. This indicates that SBA and CWP additions mitigate soil plasticity and swelling. Moreover, parameters such as Maximum Dry Density (MDD), California Bearing Ratio (CBR), and unconfined compressive strength improve as SBA and CWP content increases, indicating enhanced soil strength. Laboratory findings support using up to 7.5% SBA and 15% CWP for effective subgrade soil stabilisation. A Plaxis 2D model confirms that these proportions significantly enhance pavement subgrade stability. In summary, this study demonstrates the positive impact of SBA and CWP on BC soils, reducing plasticity and swelling and improving soil strength. Using specific proportions of SBA and CWP effectively enhances subgrade soil stability, as verified by Plaxis 2D modelling.
Evaluation of effect of moisture on fatigue performance of pavement designed with recycled asphalt mixtures
(Candian Science, 2023-01) Kakade, Vijay B.
The moisture resistance of dense- and gap-graded bituminous mixes prepared with the replacement of virgin aggregates and fresh bitumen with reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) was evaluated using indirect tensile strength (ITS) and resilient modulus (Mr). The mechanistic analysis was performed to estimate the effect of moisture resistance on the fatigue performance of thin and thick pavement sections designed with dense- and gap-graded bituminous mixes. The ITS ratio and Mr ratio results indicate that the resilient modulus ratio is more sensitive to moisture damage in bituminous mixes than the ITS ratio. In addition, the results of the fatigue life ratio indicated that the gap-graded mix prepared with different RAP content has better resistance to moisture-related cracking in thick pavement sections than the dense-graded mix. However, the effectiveness of gap-graded and dense-graded mixes prepared with different RAP content on moisture-related cracking depended on the subgrade strength for thin pavement sections.
Evaluation of the sensitivity of different indices to the moisture resistance of bituminous mixes modified by hydrated lime and other modifiers
(Taylor & Francis, 2016-09) Kakade, Vijay B.
The beneficial effect of hydrated lime added as filler to bituminous mixes in improving the moisture damage resistance of mixes has been known for a long time. However, the effect of binder modification using hydrated lime is less explored. Similarly, very little information is available on the influence of hydrated lime on the moisture resistance of bituminous mixes under critical conditions of high temperature and slow rate of loading. Extensive experimental investigations were conducted in the present study to quantify the relative beneficial effect of addition of hydrated lime in dry and wet methods on the moisture resistance of bituminous mixes. In the dry method, 1.5% and 2% lime (by weight of dry aggregate) was added as filler whereas in the wet method, VG30 and VG40 bitumen were modified using 20% and 30% lime (by weight of virgin binder). The moisture damage resistance of these mixes was evaluated by conducting different tests such as indirect tensile strength, dynamic modulus and dynamic creep tests to assess the sensitivity of different mix parameters in estimating the moisture resistance and to measure the influence of moisture damage on the mechanical properties and rutting performance. The performance of the conventional and lime-modified mixes was also compared with that of polymer and crumb rubber-modified bituminous mixes since lime-modified mixes have been evaluated in this study as possible alternatives to PMB and CRMB mixes, which are popularly used for roads with high traffic volumes. Lime-modified mixes were found to have the best moisture resistance compared to unmodified mixes and PMB- and CRMB-modified mixes. Evaluation of moisture damage in terms of dynamic modulus and dynamic creep tests was found to be significantly more sensitive to moisture damage compared to tensile strength ratio. The beneficial effect of lime has been observed to be significantly more under more severe conditions of high temperature and slow rate of loading compared to lower temperature and high frequency conditions.
Identification of rheological parameters of modified binders to predict rutting behavior of bituminous concrete mixes
(Indian Roads Congress, 2013) Kakade, Vijay B.
Numbers of researchers used binder parameters such as complex modulus (G*) and phase angle (б) in terms of G*/sin (б), Zero Shear Viscosity (ZSV) and non-recoverable creep compliance (J sub nr) at two stress levels to describe the rutting potential of binders. Previous studies have shown that Zero Shear Viscosity and non-recoverable creep compliance obtained from Multiple Stress Creep and Recovery Test (MSCRT) have better correlation with rutting in bituminous mixes compared to G*/sin (б) especially for modified binders. In India, recent guidelines on modified binders have introduced G*/sin (б) as a mandatory test to address rutting performance of modified binders at high temperature. However there is not enough experience gained on binder parameters that would better explain rutting behavior of bituminous mix. Keeping this in view, an attempt has been made to identify most appropriate rutting parameter of modified binders that explains rutting potential of bituminous mix prepared with modified binders. Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR) was used to evaluate the different rheological properties of short term aged binders. Wheel tracker, indigenously developed IITKGP rut tester, was used to evaluate the rutting performance of mixes. Correlations were developed between rheological parameters and mix rutting to identify appropriate binder parameter to explain rutting observed in the mix. The results indicate that the non-recoverable creep compliance (J sub nr) obtained from MSCRT appears to have better correlation with rutting resistance of mixes.
Impact analysis of laterally distributed truck wheel loads on pavement performance of multilane highway using strip-based approach
(Springer, 2025-03) Kakade, Vijay B.
The lateral distribution of truck wheel loads is a natural phenomenon observed on multi-lane roads, as not all the vehicles travelling along a road are using the same wheel path. The lateral distribution of wheel loads is a critical concern from a pavement design point of view as it signifies how the traffic loads are distributed on multi-lane roads. Thus, there is a need to evaluate the exact position of laterally distributed vehicles on multi-lane roads. In this study, the strip-based concept is used to identify the exact location of the passing vehicle along the road. The impacts of these loads were measured in terms of pavement damage analysis using the layered elastic method. In this regard, a strip with the maximum number of axle repetitions is identified called the critical strip, and quantified the fatigue and rutting damage ratio of the critical strip. Further, damage analysis is conducted for the most accumulated lane named design lane, and compared their fatigue and rutting damage ratio with the fatigue and rutting damage ratio of the critical strip. The findings of the study indicate that the design of pavement using lane-based analysis will overestimate the thickness of the pavement as compared to strip-based analysis.
Investigation of rutting performance of dense and gap graded recycled asphalt mixtures
(Springer, 2023-08) Kakade, Vijay B.
Aggregate gradation used in the production of bituminous mixes has a significant influence on the rut resistance of bituminous mixes. However, despite the increase in the use of RAP in the production of bituminous mixes, a limited attempt has been made to investigate the effect of aggregate gradation on the rut resistance of RAP-modified bituminous mixes. Hence in a present study, an attempt has been made to compare the rut resistance of RAP-modified bituminous mixes made with dense and gap gradations. Two dense and two gap gradations were used to prepare the bituminous mixes at varying RAP content. Rutting characteristics of different mixes considered in the present study were evaluated in terms of dynamic modulus rutting factor (E*/sinφ), dynamic creep, and flow number (FN). The results of these tests indicate that rutting performance improved significantly with an increase in the proportion of RAP material in the mix. Also, the statistical analysis results indicate that dense-graded mixes have better resistance to rutting than gap-graded mixes. However, the average increase of 136% in flow number of gap-graded mixes compared to 34% observed in dense graded-mixes with a change in RAP content from 25 to 35% indicates that rate of increase of rut resistance with RAP content was higher in gap-graded mixes. The higher rate of increase of rut resistance without significant reduction in fatigue lives makes the gap-graded mixes more favorable for utilization of higher RAP content than dense-graded mixes.
A literature review on moisture resistance performance of bitumen modifiers
(Springer, 2024-04) Kakade, Vijay B.
Moisture damage in the bituminous layer is one of the major causes of deterioration in the functional and structural performance of the flexible pavements in the field. This will result in an increase in the maintenance and rehabilitation cost of the pavement and the vehicle operating costs. Hence, it is quintessential to reduce the intensity of moisture damage in the bituminous mixes to prevent the costly maintenance of flexible pavement and the increase in vehicle operating costs. The variation in moisture resistance of bitumen or bituminous mixes produced with different types of bitumen modifiers indicates that apart from the type of aggregate, the modifier used for modification of bitumen also influences the moisture resistance performance of bituminous mixes. However, the effectiveness of bitumen modifies to mitigate the moisture damage in the bituminous mix is also varying with the type of modifier, content of modifier, type of aggregate, moisture conditioning period, severity of aging, and pavement characteristics. Hence, understanding the factors alleviating the effectiveness of bitumen modifiers to control moisture damage in the bituminous mixes is essential. This will help in the selection of the proper type and content of bitumen modifiers for the construction of roads with the least chance of damage caused by moisture intrusion in the pavement. This review documented the impact of different bitumen modifiers on moisture damage. Finally, the recommendations for the future study are provided based on the gaps identified in the current literature.
No Access Study of aluminium dross and ordinary Portland cement modified cold bituminous emulsion mix
(Institution of Civil Engineers, 2019-06) Kakade, Vijay B.
Due to their low cost, cold bituminous emulsion mixes (CBEMs) are preferred for the construction of low-volume roads in India. However, due to the low strength of CBEMs and overloading, the premature failure of these roads is common. The strength of CBEMs is generally increased by the addition of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and hydrated lime. The use of industrial waste materials is also an alternative to conventional additives for improving the performance of CBEMs. Studies carried out in the past have shown a significant improvement in the strength of CBEMs prepared with the replacement of natural aggregates with industrial waste materials such as fly ash and ground granulated blast-furnace slag. In this study, the proportions of aluminium dross (AD) and OPC were varied from 0 to 3% with increments of 1%. Marshall stability, indirect tensile strength, indirect tensile stiffness modulus and retained stability tests were performed on mixes prepared with different proportions of AD and OPC. The stability and indirect tensile strength values of the mixes containing AD were higher than those of the mixes containing OPC. The retained stability ratio indicated that addition of AD and OPC resulted in a reduction in moisture damage. The optimum content of both OPC and AD was found to be 2%.
Pavement surface distress evaluation using a terrestrial laser scanner
(Elsevier, 2023-05) Kakade, Vijay B.
The accurate measurement of pavement distresses is essential for setting preservation and rehabilitation priorities. The manual measurement of surface distresses is the most commonly used method for evaluating the severity of pavement distresses. However, the manual method has low accuracy and consistency. Thus, in the present study, images of different pavement distresses potholes, cracking, patching and ravelling of selected sections were captured using a terrestrial laser scanner (TLS). The surface area of these distresses was measured using the Leica Cyclone software. The obtained results were validated by collecting a similar distress pattern at a different location using the same equipment. The measured surface area was executed in a geographic information system platform to develop an automated database for the prioritisation of selected pavement sections of Mumbai City, India for pavement maintenance. It was observed that the TLS technique could be used effectively for safer and more accurate surface distress measurement.
Performance evaluation of petroleum hard pitch modified with rice straw bio-oil
(Elsevier, 2023-08) Kakade, Vijay B.
In this present study, bio-binder was made using the bio-oil obtained from rice straw and petroleum hard pitch to reduce the air pollution caused by the burning of waste rice straw in the field. The physical, rheological, and chemical tests were conducted on the viscosity-grade binders (VG30 and VG40), petroleum hard pitch, and bio-binders prepared with a blending of petroleum hard pitch with 20 and 30 wt.%. The performance of bituminous mixes made with viscosity-grade binders and bio-binder was evaluated by using the dynamic creep, resilient modulus, and tensile strength tests. The results of the frequency sweep and Fourier transform infrared tests indicate that bio-binders have poor resistance to aging. The rut resistance of the bio-binder modified mix was better than that of the VG30 mix. There is no significant difference in moisture resistance of bituminous mixes prepared with bio-binder and viscosity-grade binders.
Rutting performance of hydrated lime modified bituminous mixes
(Elsevier, 2018-10) Kakade, Vijay B.
Hydrated lime has conventionally been used in bituminous mixes primarily for improving the moisture damage resistance of bituminous mixes. Most of the available literature is about studies conducted on mixes in which lime was added as filler. The present study explores the effect of different proportions of hydrated lime added by two different methods (wet and dry) on the rutting performance of bituminous mixes. The rutting characteristics of unmodified and lime modified binders were evaluated in terms of superpave binder rutting parameter (G∗/sinδ) and non-recoverable creep compliance (Jnr). Mix rutting performance was measured in terms of E∗, E∗/sinφ, flow number and accumulated strain measured in dynamic creep test. Rutting performance of mixes improved significantly by lime modification. Wet method of addition of lime has significantly higher beneficial effect than the dry method. Flow number determined at 60 °C demonstrated the beneficial effect of lime more distinctly compared with the dynamic creep test conducted at 40 °C. It was also observed in this study that the beneficial effect of lime addition in reducing rutting (which is a high temperature phenomenon) was realized more at higher mix temperatures.