Browsing by Author "Pandey, Murali Monohar"

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Characterization and evaluation of varieties of microcrystalline cellulose in formulations containing lactose incompatible drugs: Influence on compactibility and drug release
(Elsevier, 2025-09) Pandey, Murali Monohar
The research study provides an insight into different manufacturers' microcrystalline celluloses (MCC) thorough characterization, comprising determination of morphology, PSD, percentage crystallinity, surface area, true density, crushing strength, and compaction behavior. The study indicated good compaction, crushing strength for Ceolus KG 1000 and Emocel 50 M. Different varieties of MCC exhibited consistent mean yield pressure and crushing strength irrespective of their percentage crystallinity, degree of polymerization, and moisture content. The impact of these MCC characteristics was evaluated in formulations containing high and low-dose lactose incompatible drugs. Ceolus KG 1000 showed better compressibility, crushing strength and devoid of capping when used in acyclovir (high-dose) formulation. However, drug release of amlodipine (low-dose) formulation was significantly reduced when >80 % w/w Ceolus KG 1000 used. Amlodipine formulation with Emocel 50 M showed faster drug release. On statistical evaluation, surface area and true density were found to be significant factors for mean yield pressure and crushing strength of acyclovir formulations. PSD, true density, and bulk density were found to be significant factors affecting release of amlodipine formulations. Study showed that characteristics of Ceolus KG 1000 and Emocel 50 M are favorable for acyclovir and amlodipine formulation, respectively. Lastly, study suggests that vendor change of MCC might be unfavorable if not evaluated properly for both formulations containing high and low-dose actives.
Cold atmospheric plasma therapy in wound healing
(Elsevier, 2022-01) Pandey, Murali Monohar
Cold atmospheric plasma therapy is a new and latest approach whose arrival has astonished experts all around the world from the area of biological and pharmaceutical sciences. Owing to its simple and non-invasive nature, this technique has been admired and encouraged to use different therapeutic regimes like wound healing, ulceration, and cancer. It is often confused with blood plasma but is identified as the fourth state of matter generated using feed gases like atmospheric air, argon, helium either by applying irradiation or electric field. The non-thermal property of plasma (cold plasma) is mainly focused on the clinical application as it utilizes lower temperatures (<40 °C) and compatible for biomedical applications. The present review emphasizes the application of cold atmospheric plasma in wound healing. The work briefly discusses the types of wounds, the process of wound healing, existing techniques of wound healing followed by the role of cold atmospheric plasma therapy in wound healing. In cold plasma therapy, we have highlighted the methods of generating cold plasma beam for application on the wound, mechanism of healing by cold atmospheric plasma and some of the recent studies reported the use of cold plasma in wound healing.
Controlled release effervescent buccal discs of buspirone hydrochloride: in vitro and in vivo evaluation studies
(Taylor & Francis, 2014-06) Pandey, Murali Monohar
In the present study controlled release effervescent buccal discs of buspirone hydrochloride (BS) were designed using HPMC as rate controlling and bioadhesive polymer by direct compression method. Sodium bicarbonate and citric acid were used in varying amounts as effervescence forming agents. Carbon dioxide evolved due to reaction of sodium bicarbonate and citric acid was explored for its potential as buccal permeation enhancer. The designed buccal discs were evaluated for physical characteristics and in vitro drug release studies. Bioadhesive behavior of designed buccal discs was assessed using texture analyzer. In vivo animal studies were performed in rabbits to study bioavailability of BS in the designed buccal discs and to establish permeation enhancement ability of carbon dioxide. It was observed that effervescent buccal discs have faster drug release compared to non-effervescent buccal discs in vitro and effervescent buccal discs demonstrated significant increase in bioavailability of drug when compared to non-effervescent formulation. Hence, effervescent buccal discs can be used as an alternative to improve the drug permeation resulting in better bioavailability. However, the amount of acid and base used for generation of carbon dioxide should be selected with care as this may damage the integrity of bioadhesive dosage form.
Current Treatment Strategies Against Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria: A Review
(Springer, 2022-11) Pandey, Murali Monohar
There are several bacteria called superbugs that are resistant to multiple antibiotics which can be life threatening specially for critically ill and hospitalized patients. This article provides up-to-date treatment strategies employed against some major superbugs, like methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus, multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli. The pathogen-directed therapeutics decrease the toxicity of bacteria by altering their virulence factors by specific processes. On the other hand, the host-directed therapeutics limits these superbugs by modulating immune cells, enhancing host cell functions, and modifying disease pathology. Several new antibiotics against the global priority superbugs are coming to the market or are in the clinical development phase. Medicinal plants possessing potent secondary metabolites can play a key role in the treatment against these superbugs. Nanotechnology has also emerged as a promising option for combatting them. There is urgent need to continuously figure out the best possible treatment strategy against these superbugs as resistance can also be developed against the new and upcoming antibiotics in future. Rational use of antibiotics and maintenance of proper hygiene must be practiced among patients
Design and evaluation of mucoadhesive buccal delivery systems of felodipine
(BITS Pilani, 2015) Pandey, Murali Monohar
The objective of the present work was to design and evaluate mucoadhesive newlinebuccal drug delivery systems of felodipine (FDP). FDP, a 1,4-dihydropyridine newlinederivative, is a vasoselective calcium antagonist widely used in treatment of angina newlinepectoris and hypertension. The drug exists as crystalline powder and is very slightly newlinesoluble in water. Orally administered FDP has poor bioavailability due to extensive newlinefirst pass metabolism and is erratically absorbed. newlineIn the present research work, modified release buccal tablets of FDP were newlinedesigned using various mucoadhesive polymers and process excipients in an effort to newlineincrease bioavailability. Prior to the formulation of tablets, solubility of FDP was newlineenhanced by preparing solid dispersions and nanocrystals of the drug. The effect of newlinesolubility enhancement on in vitro release and bioavailability of FDP was observed by newlinepreparing buccal tablets using pure drug, solid dispersions and nanocrystals. newlineAnalytical methods were developed and validated for estimation of drug in variety of newlinesamples like bulk, formulations, stability, in vitro and in vivo. Adequate newlinepreformulation studies were carried out using instruments like DSC and FT-IR to newlineunderstand the physicochemical nature and stability of drug in presence of different newlineexcipients under variety of conditions. This in turn helped in selection of appropriate newlineexcipients. newlineMucoadhesive buccal tablets of FDP with 5 mg loading were prepared by newlinedirect compression method. Formulations were designed using varying proportions of newlinevarious mucoadhesive and rate controlling polymers like hydroxyethyl cellulose newline(HEC), ethylcellulose (EC), hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC), chitosan (CH), newlineguar gum (GM), agar (AR), polycarbophil (PC), carbopol (CP) and eudragit (EG). newlineThe designed buccal tablets were evaluated for the physical characteristics such as newlinedrug content, weight variation, friability, thickness and surface pH. In vitro drug newlinerelease studies were performed using in housed modified dissolution assembly and in newlinevitro mucoadhesion studies.
Design of Experiment (DoE)-Approach Based RP-HPLC Analytical Method Development and Validation for Estimation of Efavirenz in Bulk and Formulations
(OUP, 2021-03) Pandey, Murali Monohar
Present study reports design of experiment (DoE) based development and validation of a simple, rapid and sensitive reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method for estimation of efavirenz (EFZ), a non-nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTs), used in the treatment of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Plackett–Burman design was explored to screen the critical method variables (CMVs) for the RP-HPLC method. A response surface Box–Behnken design was employed to optimize the screened CMVs which affect the analytical responses (ARs) of RP-HPLC method. Using the optimized CMVs the HPLC method was developed and validated according to International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines. EFZ in marketed formulation was estimated using the validated method. Acetonitrile proportion, pH of the phosphate buffer and mobile phase flow rate were the CMVs and retention time and number of theoretical plates were the ARs for the study. The optimized chromatographic parameters were acetonitrile proportion in mobile phase: 51.17%v/v, pH of phosphate buffer: 4.04 and flow rate: 1.25 mL/min. Use of these optimized parameters resulted in retention time of 11.031 min and 9,498.787 number of theoretical plates as ARs of the HPLC method. The method was further validated in harmony with current ICH guidelines Q2 (R1). The method was capable of the successful estimation of EFZ in marketed formulation. The study depicts successful development and validation of a simple RP-HPLC method of EFZ using DoE approach.
Determination of pKa of felodipine using UV–Visible spectroscopy
(Elsevier, 2013-11) Pandey, Murali Monohar
In the present study, for the first time, experimental pKa value of felodipine is reported. Dissociation constant, pKa, is one of the very important physicochemical properties of drugs. It is of paramount significance from the perspective of pharmaceutical analysis and dosage form design. The method used for the pKa determination of felodipine was essentially a UV–Visible spectrophotometric method. The spectrophotometric method for the pKa determination was opted by acknowledging the established fact that spectrophotometric determination of pKa produces most precise values. The pKa of felodipine was found to be 5.07. Furthermore, the ruggedness of the determined value is also validated in this study in order to produce exact pKa of the felodipine
Development and Validation of a Simple High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Method for Estimation of Felodipine in Rabbit Plasma: Application to Pharmacokinetic Study
(Bentham Science, 2017) Pandey, Murali Monohar
A new, simple, specific and sensitive reverse-phase liquid chromatographic method was developed and validated for the estimation of felodipine (FDP) in rabbit plasma using fluorescence detector. Materials and Methods: Plasma standard were prepared using a simple and one-step protein precipitation method and 50 μ l of the standard solutions were injected into the column. The method was found to be linear in the concentration range of 10–1000 ng/ml. The developed bioanalytical method was validated as per standard guidelines. Validation study results demonstrated accuracy, precision, sensitivity and selectivity of the proposed method.
Dissolution enhancement of felodipine by amorphous nanodispersions using an amphiphilic polymer: insight into the role of drug–polymer interactions on drug dissolution
(Taylor & Francis, 2015-03) Pandey, Murali Monohar
Felodipine, a poorly soluble drug, is widely used in the treatment of angina pectoris and hypertension.
DoE-based validation of a HPLC–UV method for quantification of rotigotine nanocrystals: Application to in vitro dissolution and ex vivo nasal permeation studies
(Wiley, 2021-11) Pandey, Murali Monohar
The current work is focused on optimization, development, and validation of a sensitive and specific reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method for the estimation of rotigotine (RTG) in bulk and nanoformulations. The RP-HPLC method was effectively optimized using the concepts of design of experiments. Critical method variables (CMVs) were screened using Plackett–Burman design. Box–Behnken, a surface response methodology-based design, was further used for the optimization of CMVs with the number of theoretical plates and retention time (min) as responses. The optimized chromatographic conditions for the RP-HPLC method were: acetonitrile proportion: 54% v/v, pH of buffer: 5.0 (10 mM), and flow rate: 0.65 mL/min. The number of theoretical plates and retention time in the study were found to be 11206 and 7.65 min, respectively. The developed method exhibited good linearity (R2 = 0.9995) within a range of 25–600 ng/mL and LOD and LOQ were found to be 9 and 12 ng/mL, respectively. The developed RP-HPLC method was found sensitive, accurate, precise, specific, robust, and stability indicating according to the regulatory guidelines. The validated method was efficiently applied for in vitro dissolution study, ex vivo nasal permeation study, and estimation of drug content of RTG nanocrystals.
Effect of HPMC and mannitol on drug release and bioadhesion behavior of buccal discs of buspirone hydrochloride: In-vitro and in-vivo pharmacokinetic studies
(Merck KGaA, 2015) Pandey, Murali Monohar
Delivery of orally compromised therapeutic drug molecules to the systemic circulation via buccal route has gained a significant interest in recent past. Bioadhesive polymers play a major role in designing such buccal dosage forms, as they help in adhesion of designed delivery system to mucosal membrane and also prolong release of drug from delivery system. In the present study, HPMC (release retarding polymer) and mannitol (diluent and pore former) were used to prepare bioadhesive and controlled release buccal discs of buspirone hydrochloride (BS) by direct compression method. Compatibility of BS with various excipients used during the study was assessed using DSC and FTIR techniques. Effect of mannitol and HPMC on drug release and bioadhesive strength was studied using a 3(2) factorial design. The drug release rate from delivery system decreased with increasing levels of HPMC in formulations. However, bioadhesive strength of formulations increased with increasing proportion of HPMC in buccal discs. Increased levels of mannitol resulted in faster rate of drug release and rapid in vitro uptake of water due to the formation of channels in the matrix. Pharmacokinetic studies of designed bioadhesive buccal discs in rabbits demonstrated a 10-fold increase in bioavailability in comparison with oral bioavailability of buspirone reported.
Emerging trends of nanotechnology in advanced cosmetics
(Elsevier, 2022-06) Pandey, Murali Monohar; Singhvi, Gautam
The cosmetic industry is dynamic and ever-evolving. Especially with the introduction and incorporation of nanotechnology-based approaches into cosmetics for evincing novel formulations that confers aesthetic as well as therapeutic benefits. Nanocosmetics acts via numerous delivery mechanisms which involves lipid nanocarrier systems, polymeric or metallic nanoparticles, nanocapsules, dendrimers, nanosponges,etc. Each of these, have particular characteristic properties, which facilitates increased drug loading, enhanced absorption, better cosmetic efficacy, and many more. This article discusses the different classes of nanotechnology-based cosmetics and the nanomaterials used for their formulation, followed by outlining the categories of nanocosmetics and the scope of their utility pertaining to skin, hair, nail, lip, and/or dental care and protection thereof. This review also highlights and discusses about the key drivers of the cosmetic industry and the impending need of corroborating a healthy regulatory framework, refocusing attention towards consumer needs and trends, inculcating sustainable techniques and tenets of green ecological principles, and lastly making strides in nano-technological advancements which will further propel the growth of the cosmetic industry.
Engineering of structural and functional properties of nanotherapeutics and nanodiagnostics for intranasal brain targeting in Alzheimer's
(Elsevier, 2022-03) Pandey, Murali Monohar
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the fifth leading cause of death on the planet. It hallmarks the presence of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in geriatric patients. The condition witnesses early stages of mild dementia and learning inabilities. It progressively culminates into impaired behavioural functions, cognitive inability and impaired memory functions. Also, the COVID-19 pandemic has raised new concerns for AD patients as they are at higher risk of infection with COVID-19 than non-AD patients. The increasing toll of Alzheimer's patients is alarming a need for effective and safe therapeutics. This review discusses the various nanocarriers in delivering therapeutics for Alzheimer's via the intranasal route. Nanocarrier based therapeutic, diagnostic and theragnostic applications concerning AD have been covered. The review also discusses the nasal transport pathways and nanocarrier characteristics' role in cellular uptake mechanism. We have briefly discussed the potential biomarkers, imaging modalities, nano vaccines, advanced theragnostic probes, and related clinical studies. Lastly, we discussed the prospects concerning the development of intranasal nanodiagnostics and nanotherapeutics in Alzheimer's. Overall, this review summarizes various intranasal brain targeting strategies in AD.
In situ bioprinting: process, bioinks, and applications
(ACS, 2024-04) Pandey, Murali Monohar
Traditional tissue engineering methods face challenges, such as fabrication, implantation of irregularly shaped scaffolds, and limited accessibility for immediate healthcare providers. In situ bioprinting, an alternate strategy, involves direct deposition of biomaterials, cells, and bioactive factors at the site, facilitating on-site fabrication of intricate tissue, which can offer a patient-specific personalized approach and align with the principles of precision medicine. It can be applied using a handled device and robotic arms to various tissues, including skin, bone, cartilage, muscle, and composite tissues. Bioinks, the critical components of bioprinting that support cell viability and tissue development, play a crucial role in the success of in situ bioprinting. This review discusses in situ bioprinting techniques, the materials used for bioinks, and their critical properties for successful applications. Finally, we discuss the challenges and future trends in accelerating in situ printing to translate this technology in a clinical settings for personalized regenerative medicine.
Interaction of calcium sulfate with xanthan gum: Effect on in vitro bioadhesion and drug release behavior from xanthan gum based buccal discs of buspirone
(Elsevier, 2013-11) Pandey, Murali Monohar
Bioadhesive polymers in buccal drug delivery systems play an important role in delivery of therapeutic drug molecules for local and systemic action. Xanthan gum, a GRAS listed natural polymer was used to design buccal discs of buspirone hydrochloride by direct compression method. Effect of calcium sulfate on bioadhesive and drug release behavior of xanthan gum buccal discs was studied. Varying amount of calcium sulfate (0%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50%, w/w) in combination with xanthan gum was used to prepare buccal bioadhesive discs. Increase in calcium sulfate concentration resulted in faster drug release and decreased the bioadhesive strength of the designed discs. Further, in rheological evaluation it was observed that viscosity of xanthan gum gel reduces with increasing concentration of calcium sulfate. Compatibility of drug with various excipients was assessed using DSC and FTIR techniques.
Intranasal nanotherapeutics for brain targeting and clinical studies in Parkinson's disease
(Elsevier, 2023-06) Pandey, Murali Monohar
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second leading neurodegenerative disease globally, impacting the quality of life of millions of people. It is estimated that the treatment cost of PD in the USA can rise to 79 billion dollars by 2037. Limited drugs are approved by USFDA, which only provides symptomatic relief. Further, the drug efficacy is challenged due to low drug-brain concentration due to first-pass metabolism and blood-brain barrier (BBB). Intranasal drug administration can offer several advantages over systemic administration, providing efficient brain delivery. Nose-to-brain (N2B) drug delivery can enhance brain bioavailability, reduce enzymatic degradation, and reduce systemic adverse effects. However, due to poor absorption from the nasal mucosa, intranasal administration can be challenging for hydrophilic drugs. The drug mucociliary clearance, retention time, and nasal enzymatic degradation can also affect N2B drug delivery. Nanocarriers can enhance residence time, improve nasal permeation, increase brain uptake, and reduce enzymatic degradation. This review discusses the roles and applications of various N2B nanocarriers to treat PD effectively. Clinical trials of antiparkinson molecules is also covered. Lastly, safety aspects and prospects of potential nanotherapeutics for the effective treatment of PD are discussed.
Management and prevention of neurodegenerative disorders: can antioxidant-rich dietary interventions help?
(MDPI, 2025-09) Pandey, Murali Monohar
Neurodegenerative diseases are associated with the senescence of functional neurons, which hampers brain functions. These diseases are caused by the accumulation of reactive oxygen species, reactive nitrogen species, cholinesterase malfunction, neuronal inflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction. The incidence of neurodegenerative disease has been on the rise. Current therapeutic interventions are expensive, exhibit poor efficacy, and have numerous side effects. Several studies have explored the potential of crucial dietary substances rich in antioxidants and micronutrients in alleviating the clinical manifestations of such deadly diseases. Consumption of sufficient antioxidants, fatty acids, and polyphenols in regular diets delays the onset of neurodegenerative diseases. Several medicinal plants, such as Withania somnifera, Curcuma longa, Panax ginseng, Ginkgo biloba, aloe vera, Punica granatum, and various phytoextracts, contain such micronutrients in reasonable amounts. Specific dietary interventions, supplements, and patterns such as the Mediterranean-DASH intervention for neurodegenerative delay, ketogenic, paleolithic, and Wahls elimination diets have been beneficial in neurodegenerative conditions. These diet interventions and other functional foods can be an attractive, non-invasive, and inexpensive approach in the management and prevention of neurodegenerative conditions. This review discusses potential pharmacological bases involved in neurodegeneration, covering mitochondrial damage, impaired mitophagy, neuroinflammation, ferroptosis, glymphatic clearance dysfunction, brain–body interactions, and disruption of vagus nerve stimulation. The review further highlights clinical diet interventions and assorted functional foods, including fruits, vegetables, vitamins, specific supplements, and special diets, for neurodegenerative conditions. The discussion extends insights into clinical research and trials of these functional foods under neurodegenerative conditions. Overall, dietary interventions show promise in the prevention and management of neurodegenerative conditions.
Microneedles: A smart approach and increasing potential for transdermal drug delivery system
(Elsevier, 2019-01) Pandey, Murali Monohar; Singhvi, Gautam
The most widely used methods for transdermal administration of the drugs are hypodermic needles, topical creams, and transdermal patches. The effect of most of the therapeutic agents is limited due to the stratum corneum layer of the skin, which serves as a barrier for the molecules and thus only a few molecules are able to reach the site of action. A new form of delivery system called the microneedles helps to enhance the delivery of the drug through this route and overcoming the various problems associated with the conventional formulations. The primary principle involves disruption of the skin layer, thus creating micron size pathways that lead the drug directly to the epidermis or upper dermis region from where the drug can directly go into the systemic circulation without facing the barrier. This review describes the various potential and applications of the microneedles. The various types of microneedles can be fabricated like solid, dissolving, hydrogel, coated and hollow microneedles. Fabrication method selected depends on the type and material of the microneedle. This system has increased its application to many fields like oligonucleotide delivery, vaccine delivery, insulin delivery, and even in cosmetics. In recent years, many microneedle products are coming into the market. Although a lot of research needs to be done to overcome the various challenges before the microneedles can successfully launch into the market.
Nanomedicine advances in cancer therapy
(Elsevier, 2020) Singhvi, Gautam; Pandey, Murali Monohar
Cancer has been one of the leading causes of death worldwide. In 2018, 17 million new cases of cancer have been reported across the world, which resulted in 9.6 million deaths. Continued efforts have been made to achieve effective progress in treatment of the disease. Conventional cancer therapy has various drawbacks like lack of specificity, resistance toward therapy, drug-related toxicities, patient noncompliance, etc. To overcome these limitations, there is a need to shift toward advanced nanotechnology-based therapeutic agents to improve efficacy, safety, and patient compliance. Nanotechnology is interdisciplinary and involves application of materials science, medicine, biotechnology and engineering, and aiming for advancement in cancer treatment and diagnosis. In addition, nanocarriers such as quantum dots, dendrimers, liposomes, micelles, lipid nanoparticles (NPs), carbon nanotubes, gold (Au) NPs, etc. have taken treatment and diagnosis one step ahead and have proven to be beneficial in reducing side effects and drug-related toxicities. Theranostic nanocarriers are also an emerging field in cancer therapeutics, performing imaging, diagnosis, and simultaneous treatment. NPs are smart carriers designed to particularly release drug at the tumor site, resulting in increased bioavailability of the drug. This targeted delivery is achieved by exploiting the unique characteristics of tumor cells called enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. Surface functionalization of nanocarriers with ligand moiety increases drug uptake inside tumor cells; this phenomenon is generally referred to as active targeting. Conjugation of ligands that are highly expressed in a particular cancer can assist to achieve cellular targeting.
Nanoparticle-based materials for wound management
(Elsevier, 2024) Pandey, Murali Monohar
Nanotechnology is an approach where nanoscale materials are biomedically used for the prevention of various diseases and infections. Their smaller size and larger surface area make them appropriate for various applications. Nanomaterials have immense potential for being used intrinsically or as nanocarriers to accelerate the process of wound healing and prevent any further bacterial contamination. In recent decades, research on nano-based therapies has reduced the incidence of acute and chronic infections which may lead to life-threatening situations if left untreated. Nanomaterials exist in various forms and structures such as nanospheres, nanocolloids, nanoemulsions, nanocapsules, and nanocarriers, which can be fabricated using different technologies such as electrospinning and further could be potentially used as antimicrobial agents. In this chapter, we have demonstrated the advantages of using nanoparticles combined with traditional methodologies. Besides, we have elucidated the innovative strategies which use nanomaterials as either organic or inorganic nanoparticles. Further in-depth analytical reviews and future clinical experiments are necessarily required because existing wound healing therapies are not sufficient to provide excellent outcomes.