Department of Economics and Finance
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Item Groundwater quality, human health risks and major driving factors in arid and semi-arid regions of Rajasthan, India(Elsevier, 2023-11) Mohapatra, Geetilaxmi; Arora, RahulEvaluating status, variability and identifying the factors influencing groundwater quality is essential to manage and conserve groundwater resources. The present study aims to examine groundwater quality for 15 water quality parameters from 84 stations in arid and semi-arid districts of Rajasthan, India, using annual data from 2000 to 2018. Statistical methods such as descriptive test statistics, Mann-Kendall (MK) test, Sen’s slope estimation, and Principal component analysis (PCA) were used to analyze the hydrochemical parameters. While World Health Organisation (WHO) and Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) guidelines were used to assess the suitability of groundwater for domestic purposes, sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), electrical conductivity (EC), and United States Salinity (USSL) diagrams were used for irrigation suitability. Further Generalized Additive Model (GAM) was used to explore the effect of climatic (precipitation, temperature) and anthropogenic (net irrigated area (NIA), fertilizer usage, industrialization, and population) variables on groundwater quality. The empirical results reveal that in groundwater of the study area sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) were the dominating cations, while chloride (Cl−) and bicarbonate (HCO3−) were the dominating anions. The groundwater was predominantly Na–Cl type. Further, most stations witnessed an increasing trend in calcium, magnesium, sodium, chloride, bicarbonate and sulphate and a decreasing trend in potassium, fluoride and nitrate. The SAR, EC, and USSL indicate that the groundwater in the region is suitable for irrigation if salinity control measures are implemented. Chloride, fluoride and sodium concentrations exceeded the prescribed guideline limits in most stations, jeopardizing the suitability of water for drinking and posing significant health hazards. The GAM analysis revealed that anthropogenic variables significantly impact the groundwater quality parameters compared to the climatic variables. Accordingly, it is suggested that anthropogenic parameters must be addressed while formulating groundwater resource management policies. Thus, policies should focus on the stringent enactment of regulations and guidelines controlling the excessive use of fertilizers, implementing proper disposal of municipal solid and liquid waste, and managing industrial pollutants.Item Spatio-temporal variation of depth to groundwater level and its driving factors in arid and semi-arid regions of India(Elsevier, 2024-06) Mohapatra, Geetilaxmi; Arora, RahulClimate change and increasing anthropogenic activities, such as over-exploitation of groundwater, are exerting unavoidable stress on groundwater resources. This study investigated the spatio-temporal variation of depth to groundwater level (DGWL) and the impacts of climatic (precipitation, maximum temperature, and minimum temperature) and anthropogenic (gross district product (GDP), population, and net irrigated area (NIA)) variables on DGWL during 1994–2020. The study considered DGWL in 113 observation wells and piezometers located in arid western plains (Barmer and Jodhpur districts) and semi-arid eastern plains (Jaipur, Ajmer, Dausa, and Tonk districts) of Rajasthan State, India. Statistical methods were employed to examine the annual and seasonal patterns of DGWL, and the generalized additive model (GAM) was used to determine the impacts of climatic and anthropogenic variables on DGWL. During 1994–2020, except for Barmer District, where the mean annual DGWL was almost constant (around 26.50 m), all other districts exhibited increase in DGWL, with Ajmer District experiencing the most increase. The results also revealed that 36 observation wells and piezometers showed a statistically significant annual increasing trend in DGWL and 34 observation wells and piezometers exhibited a statistically significant decreasing trend in DGWL. Similarly, 32 observation wells and piezometers showed an statistically significant increasing trend and 37 observation wells and piezometers showed a statistically significant decreasing trend in winter; 33 observation wells and piezometers indicated a statistically significant increasing trend and 34 had a statistically significant decreasing trend in post-monsoon; 35 observation wells and piezometers exhibited a statistically significant increasing trend and 32 observation wells and piezometers showed a statistically significant decreasing trend in pre-monsoon; and 36 observation wells and piezometers reflected a statistically significant increasing trend and 30 observation wells and piezometers reflected a statistically significant decreasing trend in monsoon. Interestingly, most of the observation wells and piezometers with increasing trends of DGWL were located in Dausa and Jaipur districts. Furthermore, the GAM analysis revealed that climatic variables, such as precipitation, significantly affected DGWL in Barmer District, and DGWL in all other districts was influenced by anthropogenic variables, including GDP, NIA, and population. As a result, stringent regulations should be implemented to curb excessive groundwater extraction, manage agricultural water demand, initiate proactive aquifer recharge programs, and strengthen sustainable management in these water-scarce regions.Item Determinants of Perception, Adaptation Strategy and Measuring Composite Vulnerability of Agricultural Households to Climate Change in the Desert State Rajasthan, India(Sage, 2024-09) Mohapatra, GeetilaxmiThe study aims to assess agricultural households’ vulnerability, perception and adaptation to climate change in the desert state of Rajasthan, India. A data set of 600 households was collected using a purposive random sampling technique from six districts: Ajmer, Barmer, Jodhpur, Jaipur, Dausa and Tonk. While using the binary logit model, factors affecting the perception and adaptation of agricultural households were assessed, and a composite livelihood vulnerability index was constructed to determine the households’ susceptibility to climate change. The findings suggest that the majority of the households are moderately vulnerable. Of the total households surveyed, 89 per cent of the agricultural households perceive climate change. 83.3 per cent of perceived households used adaptation strategies such as mixed cropping, crop rotation and farm ponds. Socioeconomic variables like the educational status of the household head, farming experience, type of agriculture financial support, agricultural training, land size and access to agricultural institutions influence farmers’ adaptation decisions. Further, lack of information, extension services, access to credit, improved seeds and water, insufficient capital, infertile soil and a labour shortage are barriers to adaptive strategies. Hence, the study recommends effective government policies to enhance credit availability, financial support and agricultural mechanisation for agricultural households.Item Perception and adaptation of agricultural households to climate change in the semi-arid regions of Rajasthan – a gender perspective study(Emerald, 2021) Mohapatra, GeetilaxmiThe study aims to analyze the gender-wise perception of the agricultural households toward climate change and the adaption measures taken by these households, especially women, to mitigate climate changes.