Department of Economics and Finance
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Item The Indian labor market and elderly: acclimatizing to an aging population in the workplace(Springer, 2023-02) Padhi, BalakrushnaThe study explores the trends and patterns of the labor force participation (LFPR) of the elderly in India’s labor market over the last one and half decades using the NSSO’s (EUS and PLFS) unit-level datasets (2004–2005 to 2019–2020). The findings of the study show that the labor force participation rate (LFPR) of the elderly in India has declined between 2004–2005 (38.9%) and 2018–2019 (28.5%) and showed a moderate increase in 2019–2020 (32.6%). It is observed that a large proportion of the elderly workforce are engaged in the agricultural sector and mostly in the informal sector and in casual and self-employed activities. Further, elderly females are less likely to participate than their male counterparts in the labor market. The logit estimates reflect that the level of education is found to be a significant predictor of their labor employability. The risk of low WPR may lead to low spending on health, an increase in morbidities, risks of social isolation, and less supportive opportunities for socioeconomic participation. Thus, to address the issue, the study suggests that inclusive, secure, and protective or remedial social security measures are required to be adopted for the elderly.Item An inquiry into households’ confidence levels in various institutions in India: a temporal assessment from the IHDS(Sage, 2023-06) Padhi, BalakrushnaThis study attempts to assess the variations in households’ confidence levels in various sociopolitical institutions with varying socioeconomic and cultural characteristics across major Indian states based on two rounds of the India Human Development Survey (IHDS-I, 2004–2005; IHDS-II, 2011–2012). It traces the presence of a lower confidence level of households in governance institutions compared with other institutions, implying a deficit of households’ confidence in this component against the overall confidence score, which marginally improves over time. The states of Jammu and Kashmir and Mizoram have a lower level of confidence score in governance and justice compared to other states. On analysing the socioeconomic determinants of households’ confidence in two rounds of the IHDS separately, this study observes that regional and economic factors are more significant in shaping the confidence levels of households than any other socioeconomic attributes.Item An assessment of the public confidence in governance institutions in India: Empirical evidence using IHDS survey(Elsevier, 2023) Padhi, BalakrushnaUsing two rounds of the Indian Human Development Survey (2004–05 & 2011–12), this study evaluates levels of household confidence in the governance institutions across Indian states. The observed broad pattern conveys that although there is a marginal improvement (from 0.582 in 2004–05 to 0.602 in 2011–12) in the confidence in the governance institutions, there still exists a great deal of deficit in it. analysing the socioeconomic determinants of the degree of confidence, we find that over time regional identities along with class, caste, and other attributes shape the levels of confidence in governance institutions. Such an observation leads to an inference that improvement in confidence in governance institutions is responsive to the development divide across regions.Item Changing contours of growth and employment in the indian labour market: a sectoral decomposition approach(Elsevier, 2023-12) Padhi, BalakrushnaThis study analyses the changing contours of employment and economic growth in the Indian labour market over four decades (1983–2019-20) using the NSSO-EUS & PLFS datasets. Here, the Shapley Decomposition methodology (as developed by World Bank) has been used to decompose the per capita income growth into changes in employment, changes in output per worker, and the population change components at the aggregate level and by sectors for the Indian labour market. The study unfolds a pattern of inter-sectoral variations in growth in income and employment since pre and post-reform periods. The estimate shows that the major contributor to the value-added is output per worker and inter-sectoral shifts. Further, despite the output growth in the industrial and service sector, it didn't reflect in absorbing the labour force entering the job market. The aggregate employment and income growth pattern entails proper policy intervention in the Indian labour market.Item Access and uses of icts: can virtual learning be an alternative mode of education in India?(Sage, 2023-09) Padhi, BalakrushnaThis study analyses household access and persons’ uses of information and communication technologies (ICTs) in India by using the latest National Sample Survey Organization’s (NSSO) Education survey (2017–2018) datasets. Accordingly, an ICT Index is computed, and a logistic model is applied to examine the pattern and likelihood of digital technology usage and access. The result shows that access to ICTs is lower in rural areas and access increases with the level of education. The study also observes that factors like education, income and regional variations are significant aspects of the disproportionate uses and access of ICTs at the household and individual levels. This study also observed that the low level of access to ICTs will be a huge challenge for the Government to ensure alternate online or virtual modes of education.Item Discerning the long-term pace and patterns of employment in India(Springer, 2023-11) Padhi, BalakrushnaThis study examines the pace and pattern of employment in India during the last four decades using the Employment-Unemployment Survey (EUS) (1983 to 2011–12) and Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) (2017–18 to 2020–21). The estimates reflect that, notwithstanding the impressive economic growth, aided by demographic dividend, the economy has witnessed a low sustained employment generation. The present analysis reflects a notable increase in both output growth and employment between the years 1983 and 2004-05. However, subsequent to this period, there exists a distinct phase of economic development characterised by a lack of job creation from 2004–05 to 2017-18 and a rebound thereafter. The concerning divergence between Gross Value Added (GVA) growth and employment growth is reflected in the continued dominance of agriculture in terms of employment share even when its GVA share is dismal. Besides, the low employment elasticities of non-farm sectors including industry and services indicate the inability of the non-farm sector to absorb additional labour force and hence sluggish employment opportunities. The slow rate of employment growth during the period of high economic growth failed to bring down overall unemployment. Consequentially, the findings serve as a rebuttal to the claim of ‘slow’ structural transformation. Not only that the labour market is characterising by significant gender disparity, but there is also a growing level of unemployment for the highly educated youth than the less educated. Apparently, economic growth rather than creating more jobs has resulted in net labour displacement as can be seen from the disaggregated analysis of Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR), Work Force Participation Rate (WFPR), and unemployment rate. The discourse of falling and lower employment elasticities and strong GVA growth painting a discordant picture of the economy calls for an urgent policy redressal in expanding the human capacity to participate in the new economic and social opportunities.Item Analysis of the carbon emissions trend in the Indian manufacturing sector: a decomposition and decoupling approach(Springer, 2024-07) Padhi, BalakrushnaThere is a growing emphasis on fostering green growth and lowering carbon emissions in order to achieve sustainable economic development. This study uses the Tapio decoupling model and analyzes the factors influencing changes in carbon emissions from manufacturing in India utilizing the log mean Divisia index (LMDI) techniques. Furthermore, the nexus between carbon emission intensity, information and communication technology (ICT), total factor productivity (TFP), skill, and energy intensity has been analyzed using the system-GMM approach. It is based on the plant-level Annual Survey of Industries (ASI) datasets for the organized manufacturing sector of India from 2001 to 2002 to 2019 2020 for the major 21 Indian states/UT. The findings reflect the presence of weak decoupling in the manufacturing sector both at the aggregate level and in states. This indicates that both output and emissions are increasing; however, output growth surpasses emission growth, which signifies an effort to transition towards more environmentally friendly production methods and enhanced energy efficiency. The output and population effect are found to be leading factors in carbon emissions, while energy intensity is found to be reducing the effect. Further, the system-GMM estimates show that ICT and energy intensity positively affect total factor productivity, while with an increase in carbon emission intensity, productivity declines. The study confirms the existence of an inverted N-shaped Kuznets curve in the sector. This present study will contribute to formulating energy and environmental strategies to reduce emissions and promote adopting cleaner energy sources. These efforts will facilitate the attainment of carbon neutrality and enhance energy efficiency within the sector.Item Exhibiting the Changes in Nutritional Status of Children in India: An Empirical Insight from the Human Opportunity Index(Springer, 2024-03) Padhi, Balakrushna; Bal, Debi PrasadEnhancing the nutritional status is essential for fostering human resource development and attaining sustainable development. The objective of this study is to analyse the temporal change in the opportunity to access adequate nutritional outcomes (Normal height for age, Normal weight for age, and Normal weight for height) for children under the age of five in India. The analysis of the study is based on three sets (2005–06, 2015–16 and 2019–21) of National Family Health Survey (NFHS) data, at both the national and sub-national levels. It used the Human Opportunity Index (HOI), D-index, Shapley decomposition of D-index and time decomposition of HOI to examine temporal change in the opportunity to access adequate nutritional outcomes. At the national level, HOI increased in all three nutritional opportunities from 2005–06 to 2019–21, owing to the increase in coverage rate and decline in D-index. On the contrary, a sub-national analysis for the same period finds HOI to increase in all major states only in the case of Normal height for age and Normal weight for age. Whereas, states such as Punjab, West Bengal, Assam, Manipur, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh, Goa, Maharashtra and Gujarat saw negative change in HOI for normal weight for height. Estimates from Shapley decomposition of D-index indicated that mother's education, wealth, social group, and access to toilet had major contribution to the unequal distribution of opportunities across all survey years. Further, the time decomposition of HOI revealed that the equalisation effect, which is the heart of the principle of equal opportunity, did not play a prominent role in expanding access to opportunities. Even a negative equalization effect is observed in Jammu & Kashmir, some states of the northeast, and even the rich states like Karnataka and Maharashtra. The study suggests a multi-pronged approach to address challenges, including increasing coverage and decreasing inequity in accessibility. Possible solutions include augmenting spending, minimizing leakages, and guaranteeing the delivery of services to the final recipients. A nuanced balance between "equality of outcomes" and "equality of opportunity" is needed.Item Structure of Growth and Discrimination of Wages in the Rural Labour Market of India(Manpower Journal,, 2017) Padhi, BalakrushnaItem Analyzing Poverty and Inequality Dynamics across North-Eastern States of India(IARIW, 2017) Padhi, BalakrushnaThis study intends to explore the poverty inequality dynamics across North Eastern States (NES) of India during recent decade. Based on NSSO’s Consumer Expenditure Survey Rounds an analysis has been carried out for two time points i.e. 2004-05 (61st round) and 2011-12 (68th round) to examine the changing pattern of poverty and inequality in these regions by decomposing changes in poverty in to growth, redistribution and interaction components. This paper used headcount ratio to measure poverty, Gini Index as well as poverty decomposition method (Datt and Ravallion, 1992) to quantify the relative contribution of economic growth and redistribution to changes in poverty. The results depict that the NES are quite different in terms of basic socioeconomic attributes from the mainland as per the level of development. As per the decomposition results the growth mean effect and redistribution component determines the rise or fall in the poverty effect. States where economic reforms were initiated properly with other developmental activities those NES performs better than the rest in terms of the said effects