Department of Economics and Finance

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Author: search.filters.author.Padhi, BalakrushnaStart date: 2020

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Now showing 1 - 10 of 28
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    The Indian labor market and elderly: acclimatizing to an aging population in the workplace
    (Springer, 2023-02) Padhi, Balakrushna
    The study explores the trends and patterns of the labor force participation (LFPR) of the elderly in India’s labor market over the last one and half decades using the NSSO’s (EUS and PLFS) unit-level datasets (2004–2005 to 2019–2020). The findings of the study show that the labor force participation rate (LFPR) of the elderly in India has declined between 2004–2005 (38.9%) and 2018–2019 (28.5%) and showed a moderate increase in 2019–2020 (32.6%). It is observed that a large proportion of the elderly workforce are engaged in the agricultural sector and mostly in the informal sector and in casual and self-employed activities. Further, elderly females are less likely to participate than their male counterparts in the labor market. The logit estimates reflect that the level of education is found to be a significant predictor of their labor employability. The risk of low WPR may lead to low spending on health, an increase in morbidities, risks of social isolation, and less supportive opportunities for socioeconomic participation. Thus, to address the issue, the study suggests that inclusive, secure, and protective or remedial social security measures are required to be adopted for the elderly.
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    An inquiry into households’ confidence levels in various institutions in India: a temporal assessment from the IHDS
    (Sage, 2023-06) Padhi, Balakrushna
    This study attempts to assess the variations in households’ confidence levels in various sociopolitical institutions with varying socioeconomic and cultural characteristics across major Indian states based on two rounds of the India Human Development Survey (IHDS-I, 2004–2005; IHDS-II, 2011–2012). It traces the presence of a lower confidence level of households in governance institutions compared with other institutions, implying a deficit of households’ confidence in this component against the overall confidence score, which marginally improves over time. The states of Jammu and Kashmir and Mizoram have a lower level of confidence score in governance and justice compared to other states. On analysing the socioeconomic determinants of households’ confidence in two rounds of the IHDS separately, this study observes that regional and economic factors are more significant in shaping the confidence levels of households than any other socioeconomic attributes.
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    An assessment of the public confidence in governance institutions in India: Empirical evidence using IHDS survey
    (Elsevier, 2023) Padhi, Balakrushna
    Using two rounds of the Indian Human Development Survey (2004–05 & 2011–12), this study evaluates levels of household confidence in the governance institutions across Indian states. The observed broad pattern conveys that although there is a marginal improvement (from 0.582 in 2004–05 to 0.602 in 2011–12) in the confidence in the governance institutions, there still exists a great deal of deficit in it. analysing the socioeconomic determinants of the degree of confidence, we find that over time regional identities along with class, caste, and other attributes shape the levels of confidence in governance institutions. Such an observation leads to an inference that improvement in confidence in governance institutions is responsive to the development divide across regions.
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    Changing contours of growth and employment in the indian labour market: a sectoral decomposition approach
    (Elsevier, 2023-12) Padhi, Balakrushna
    This study analyses the changing contours of employment and economic growth in the Indian labour market over four decades (1983–2019-20) using the NSSO-EUS & PLFS datasets. Here, the Shapley Decomposition methodology (as developed by World Bank) has been used to decompose the per capita income growth into changes in employment, changes in output per worker, and the population change components at the aggregate level and by sectors for the Indian labour market. The study unfolds a pattern of inter-sectoral variations in growth in income and employment since pre and post-reform periods. The estimate shows that the major contributor to the value-added is output per worker and inter-sectoral shifts. Further, despite the output growth in the industrial and service sector, it didn't reflect in absorbing the labour force entering the job market. The aggregate employment and income growth pattern entails proper policy intervention in the Indian labour market.
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    Access and uses of icts: can virtual learning be an alternative mode of education in India?
    (Sage, 2023-09) Padhi, Balakrushna
    This study analyses household access and persons’ uses of information and communication technologies (ICTs) in India by using the latest National Sample Survey Organization’s (NSSO) Education survey (2017–2018) datasets. Accordingly, an ICT Index is computed, and a logistic model is applied to examine the pattern and likelihood of digital technology usage and access. The result shows that access to ICTs is lower in rural areas and access increases with the level of education. The study also observes that factors like education, income and regional variations are significant aspects of the disproportionate uses and access of ICTs at the household and individual levels. This study also observed that the low level of access to ICTs will be a huge challenge for the Government to ensure alternate online or virtual modes of education.
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    Discerning the long-term pace and patterns of employment in India
    (Springer, 2023-11) Padhi, Balakrushna
    This study examines the pace and pattern of employment in India during the last four decades using the Employment-Unemployment Survey (EUS) (1983 to 2011–12) and Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) (2017–18 to 2020–21). The estimates reflect that, notwithstanding the impressive economic growth, aided by demographic dividend, the economy has witnessed a low sustained employment generation. The present analysis reflects a notable increase in both output growth and employment between the years 1983 and 2004-05. However, subsequent to this period, there exists a distinct phase of economic development characterised by a lack of job creation from 2004–05 to 2017-18 and a rebound thereafter. The concerning divergence between Gross Value Added (GVA) growth and employment growth is reflected in the continued dominance of agriculture in terms of employment share even when its GVA share is dismal. Besides, the low employment elasticities of non-farm sectors including industry and services indicate the inability of the non-farm sector to absorb additional labour force and hence sluggish employment opportunities. The slow rate of employment growth during the period of high economic growth failed to bring down overall unemployment. Consequentially, the findings serve as a rebuttal to the claim of ‘slow’ structural transformation. Not only that the labour market is characterising by significant gender disparity, but there is also a growing level of unemployment for the highly educated youth than the less educated. Apparently, economic growth rather than creating more jobs has resulted in net labour displacement as can be seen from the disaggregated analysis of Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR), Work Force Participation Rate (WFPR), and unemployment rate. The discourse of falling and lower employment elasticities and strong GVA growth painting a discordant picture of the economy calls for an urgent policy redressal in expanding the human capacity to participate in the new economic and social opportunities.
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    Analysis of the carbon emissions trend in the Indian manufacturing sector: a decomposition and decoupling approach
    (Springer, 2024-07) Padhi, Balakrushna
    There is a growing emphasis on fostering green growth and lowering carbon emissions in order to achieve sustainable economic development. This study uses the Tapio decoupling model and analyzes the factors influencing changes in carbon emissions from manufacturing in India utilizing the log mean Divisia index (LMDI) techniques. Furthermore, the nexus between carbon emission intensity, information and communication technology (ICT), total factor productivity (TFP), skill, and energy intensity has been analyzed using the system-GMM approach. It is based on the plant-level Annual Survey of Industries (ASI) datasets for the organized manufacturing sector of India from 2001 to 2002 to 2019 2020 for the major 21 Indian states/UT. The findings reflect the presence of weak decoupling in the manufacturing sector both at the aggregate level and in states. This indicates that both output and emissions are increasing; however, output growth surpasses emission growth, which signifies an effort to transition towards more environmentally friendly production methods and enhanced energy efficiency. The output and population effect are found to be leading factors in carbon emissions, while energy intensity is found to be reducing the effect. Further, the system-GMM estimates show that ICT and energy intensity positively affect total factor productivity, while with an increase in carbon emission intensity, productivity declines. The study confirms the existence of an inverted N-shaped Kuznets curve in the sector. This present study will contribute to formulating energy and environmental strategies to reduce emissions and promote adopting cleaner energy sources. These efforts will facilitate the attainment of carbon neutrality and enhance energy efficiency within the sector.
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    Exhibiting the Changes in Nutritional Status of Children in India: An Empirical Insight from the Human Opportunity Index
    (Springer, 2024-03) Padhi, Balakrushna; Bal, Debi Prasad
    Enhancing the nutritional status is essential for fostering human resource development and attaining sustainable development. The objective of this study is to analyse the temporal change in the opportunity to access adequate nutritional outcomes (Normal height for age, Normal weight for age, and Normal weight for height) for children under the age of five in India. The analysis of the study is based on three sets (2005–06, 2015–16 and 2019–21) of National Family Health Survey (NFHS) data, at both the national and sub-national levels. It used the Human Opportunity Index (HOI), D-index, Shapley decomposition of D-index and time decomposition of HOI to examine temporal change in the opportunity to access adequate nutritional outcomes. At the national level, HOI increased in all three nutritional opportunities from 2005–06 to 2019–21, owing to the increase in coverage rate and decline in D-index. On the contrary, a sub-national analysis for the same period finds HOI to increase in all major states only in the case of Normal height for age and Normal weight for age. Whereas, states such as Punjab, West Bengal, Assam, Manipur, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh, Goa, Maharashtra and Gujarat saw negative change in HOI for normal weight for height. Estimates from Shapley decomposition of D-index indicated that mother's education, wealth, social group, and access to toilet had major contribution to the unequal distribution of opportunities across all survey years. Further, the time decomposition of HOI revealed that the equalisation effect, which is the heart of the principle of equal opportunity, did not play a prominent role in expanding access to opportunities. Even a negative equalization effect is observed in Jammu & Kashmir, some states of the northeast, and even the rich states like Karnataka and Maharashtra. The study suggests a multi-pronged approach to address challenges, including increasing coverage and decreasing inequity in accessibility. Possible solutions include augmenting spending, minimizing leakages, and guaranteeing the delivery of services to the final recipients. A nuanced balance between "equality of outcomes" and "equality of opportunity" is needed.
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    COVID-19 and the Challenges of Virtual Mode of Education in India–University Practice Connect
    (Azim Premji University, 2020) Padhi, Balakrushna
    The COVID-19 outbreak that led to the closure of schools has had an unprecedented effect on children’s education and wellbeing. It is important to note that interrupting education services can have serious, long-term consequences for economies and societies, such as an increase in inequality, poorer health and nutrition outcomes, and reduced social cohesion. Therefore, the need to promote and safeguard every child’s right to education as set out in the Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989) and the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act (RTE) should be given the utmost priority.
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    Pandemic Beyond Lockdown in India
    (Orissa Economic Association, 2020) Padhi, Balakrushna
    The aim of this study is two-fold. First, it evaluates the scorecard of the COVID-19 pandemic in India and its major states during the last four phases of nationwide lockdowns and unlocks. Second, it examines the changing structure of the health status under this pandemic in terms of increasing COVID-19 cases. To this end, we have employed the prevalence rate, recovery rate, case fatality rate, doubling rate, and sample test multiple as methodologies using the daily data from the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (India) and WHO. The analysis reveals that there is a huge variation in the prevalence rate, fatality rate, testing rate, and doubling rates across the states in India. From the end of the fourth lockdown (May 31, 2020) to the end of the fourth unlock (unlock 4.0–September 30, 2020), the prevalence rate has increased from 538 per million to 19185 per million during this period. The average case fatality rate in India was 2.2 per cent at the beginning of the first lockdown and increased to 3 per cent during the fourth lockdown. However, owing to the phase-wise unlocks, case fatality rate has reversed to 1.6 per cent till the end of unlock 4.0. On average, most of the states moved to a slower doubling rate of COVID-19 cases during the unlock periods. This study emphasises the need for rapid identification, to find isolation, quick test, and treat cases of COVID-19, including providing optimal care for its severity in patients, especially the elderly, to ensure these recent declining trends continue.