Department of Mathematics
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Item H -theorem and boundary conditions for the linear R26 equations: application to flow past an evaporating droplet(CUP, 2021-08) Rana, AnirudhDetermining physically admissible boundary conditions for higher moments in an extended continuum model is recognised as a major obstacle. Boundary conditions for the regularised 26-moment (R26) equations obtained using Maxwell's accommodation model do exist in the literature; however, we show in this article that these boundary conditions violate the second law of thermodynamics and the Onsager reciprocity relations for certain boundary value problems, and, hence, are not physically admissible. We further prove that the linearised R26 (LR26) equations possess a proper H-theorem (second-law inequality) by determining a quadratic form without cross-product terms for the entropy density. The establishment of the H-theorem for the LR26 equations in turn leads to a complete set of boundary conditions that are physically admissible for all processes and comply with the Onsager reciprocity relations. As an application, the problem of a slow rarefied gas flow past a spherical droplet with and without evaporation is considered and solved analytically. The results are compared with the numerical solution of the linearised Boltzmann equation, experimental results from the literature and/or other macroscopic theories to show that the LR26 theory with the physically admissible boundary conditions provides an excellent prediction up to Knudsen number ≲1 and, consequently, provides transpicuous insights into intriguing effects, such as thermal polarisation. In particular, the analytic results for the drag force obtained in the present work are in an excellent agreement with experimental results even for very large values of the Knudsen number.Item Evaporation-driven vapour microflows: analytical solutions from moment methods(CUP, 2018-03) Rana, AnirudhMacroscopic models based on moment equations are developed to describe the transport of mass and energy near the phase boundary between a liquid and its rarefied vapour due to evaporation and hence, in this study, condensation. For evaporation from a spherical droplet, analytic solutions are obtained to the linearised equations from the Navier–Stokes–Fourier, regularised 13-moment and regularised 26-moment frameworks. Results are shown to approach computational solutions to the Boltzmann equation as the number of moments are increased, with good agreement for Knudsen number ≲1, whilst providing clear insight into non-equilibrium phenomena occurring adjacent to the interface.Item DSMC and R13 modeling of the adiabatic surface(Elsevier, 2016-03) Rana, AnirudhAdiabatic wall boundary conditions for rarefied gas flows are described with the isotropic scattering model. An appropriate sampling technique for the direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method is presented, and the corresponding macroscopic boundary equations for the regularized 13-moment system (R13) are obtained. DSMC simulation of a lid driven cavity shows slip at the wall, which, as a viscous effect, creates heat that enters the gas while there is no heat flux in the wall. Analysis with the macroscopic equations and their boundary conditions reveals that this heat flux is due to viscous slip heating, and is the product of slip velocity and shear stress at the adiabatic surface. DSMC simulations of the driven cavity with adiabatic walls are compared to R13 simulations, which both show this non-linear effect in good agreement for Kn < 0.3.