Department of Civil Engineering
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Item Spatiotemporal change analysis of urbanization in Gurugram district of Haryana, India, using a geospatial technique(Springer, 2024-07) Singh, Ajit PratapRemote sensing and GIS play a very important role in monitoring, managing, and mapping the operation of natural resources. This study includes the Landsat 5 and Landsat 8 satellite imagery for the analysis of urban sprawl for the years 1999 and 2019, respectively, in the Gurugram (previously known as Gurgaon) district of Haryana, India. The methodology of the study follows by calculating the NDBI (normalized built-up index) spectral indices for extracting the built-up feature class from the Landsat time series data sets of 1999 and 2019. The aim of this study is to: (i). find out urbanization patterns in the area of interest and (ii). temporal change analysis, in particular, urban feature class from 1999–2019. The outcomes of the study illustrate a rapid urban sprawl in the region by the percent increase of 293%. In conclusion, the study findings suggest to secure a livable and resilient future for the residents of the region; policymakers and urban planners must embrace sustainable and integrated approaches to urban development that balance economic growth with environmental protection.Item Application of remote sensing in alpine grasslands cover mapping of western Himalaya, Uttarakhand, India(Springer, 2021-03-06) Singh, Ajit PratapGrasslands are the world’s most extensive terrestrial ecosystem, which provides a variety of services for humans, such as carbon storage, food production, crop pollination, pest regulation, and are a major feed source for livestock. However, grasslands are today one of the most endangered ecosystems due to land-use change, agricultural intensification, land abandonment, as well as climate change. Grasslands are an integral part of human societies across the globe, which are broadly known as tropical savannah and temperate grasslands. In the Himalayan region, grasslands are found in more than 55% of the area and different climatic conditions lead to different varieties of grasslands like Danthonia grasslands, kobresia sedge meadow, etc. Grasslands deal with the spatial and temporal distribution of heterogeneous landscapes, which support a high diversity of various species. Owing to very rugged terrain and inaccessibility, the information on the extent of alpine grassland and percent grass cover (%) across the meadows is limited. Therefore, the present attempt was made to assess the current status of grassland in the alpine region of Uttarakhand above 3000 m asl. LANDSAT-8 (OLI and TIRS sensors) satellite data were used to delineate the grasslands using normalized difference vegetation indices (NDVIs) of the alpine region with the help of over 179 ground truth points out of which 50 points are testing points and 129 points are training points. Grass covers (%) were also assessed in the whole alpine region of Western Himalaya of Uttarakhand which nearly consists of over 75 meadows by using random plots (1 × 1 m, total 10 per site) in each meadow. Overall, 89.52% accuracy was achieved based on 50 randomly selected testing points. A total of 4949.25 sq. km area is under the different percentage of grass cover in the alpine region of Uttarakhand, Western Himalaya. Danthonia grasslands below 4000 m and Kobresia sedge meadows above 4000 m elevation are dominant in the state. In the alpine region, over 1056 sq. km grassland area have less than 10% grass cover indicating higher degraded and cold desert areas and only 565.69 sq. km area have more than 60% grass cover, which is highly favorable for rich biodiversity and grazing.Item Assessment of groundwater suitability using remote sensing and GIS: a case study of Western Rajasthan, India(Springer, 2021-12) Singh, Ajit Pratap; Bhakar, Prashant; Mittal, Ravi KantThe overexploitation of natural freshwater resources has been observed in recent years, leading not only to a depletion of the groundwater table but also to degradation in the groundwater quality. This situation is more serious in the arid to hyper-arid regions. To ensure sustainable management of groundwater, it is essential to investigate the improved mechanism for the integrated use of groundwater for rural and urban communities. With the fast advancement in the area of remote sensing (RS) and geographical information systems (GIS), it has now become possible to make an estimate of the Earth’s resources with high accuracy both spatially and temporally. The current study attempts to describe potential zones of the availability of groundwater and its quality status based upon the water quality parameters’ spatial distribution by applying a GIS approach integrated with remote sensing technique. All suitable data has been created by developing thematic layers of critical parameters such as rainfall, land use, soil map, slope, land cover, drainage density, and Digital Elevation Model (DEM) using Landsat 8 imagery from Earth Explorer, United State Geological Survey (USGS), and other conventional datasets. Groundwater maps have been prepared using GIS by keeping in view the relative importance of thematic layers. The outcomes of the study will allow users to identify, visualize, understand, assess, and analyze the suitability of groundwater quality as well as quantity.