Department of Civil Engineering

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    Sustainable Development with Microsurfacing: A Review
    (ASME, 2021-03) Bhargava, Nishant
    In recent times, sustainable development has been the primary focus of research and development in the pavement industry. In this respect, microsurfacing was viewed as sustainable pavement preservation and has emerged as a cost-effective pavement maintenance alternative for enhancing performance, increasing service life, and ensuring safety with minimal environmental impact. In this review, the impact of microsurfacing application on the economic, social, and environmental components were explored from the published literature. Studies show that with microsurfacing application, there was a 31 % savings in cost as compared with conventional hot-mix asphalt. Furthermore, a brief economic analysis was carried out, which confirmed microsurfacing as one of the most cost-effective preventative treatment with minimum equivalent uniform annual cost. However, the economic benefits of microsurfacing were dependent upon distress type and intensity, pavement age, climatic conditions, and traffic volume. In addition, the social benefits included enhanced skid resistance, reduced hydroplaning, better riding quality, and pleasing aesthetic appearance. Moreover, the main environmental benefits of microsurfacing, as reported by various researchers, included low energy consumption, reduced greenhouse gas emission, conservation of natural resources, and reduction in tire-pavement noise. Review also reported the strength, weakness, opportunities, and threats of microsurfacing application. Even with certain weakness and probable challenges, application of microsurfacing showed enormous potential for further improvement. Incorporation of recycled or waste materials, compaction prior to opening for traffic, and project-related specifications are some areas for further research. However, certain challenges, like insufficient fund allocation, implementation or performance issues, and production variability, had to be mitigated for smooth and rapid development. Thus, with encouraging results and a promising future, microsurfacing had excelled in both technological and sustainability aspects.
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    Influence of Shear Core Curtailment on the Structural Response of Core-Wall Structures
    (Springer, 2018-08) Muthukumar, G.; Kumar, manoj
    Shear walls and shear cores are the major lateral load resisting elements in multi-storeyed framed structures because of their proven track record in mitigating the damage under severe earthquake ground motions including the recent ones. The contrasting deflected profiles of shear core and frame actually help in reducing the drift of the structure. The reduction is primarily attributed to the level of horizontal interaction between cores and frames. The present study aims to simulate the horizontal interaction between core wall and frames using the dimensionless parameter () capable of characterizing the individual behaviors of the components of the dual system using the finite element analysis with different levels of curtailment of shear core. The triangular loading has been considered, and the computations have been made considering the site located in zone 4 with medium soil characteristics. To this end, in order to identify the optimum level of curtailment, an analytical study has been done on some shear core buildings with different levels of curtailment of shear core. The structural performance of the buildings with different levels of curtailment has been assessed for different parameters, namely, storey drift, deflection, bending moment, and shear forces using finite element modeling and analysis
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    Design and Performance Criteria for Fire-Resistant Design of Structures – An Overview
    (Springer, 2020-09) Muthukumar, G.
    Concrete, despite being inherently fire resistant, cannot be considered as a fire-proof material. It undergoes substantial variation in its characteristics during exposure to elevated temperatures. These variations may become hazardous for structural stability and serviceability depending upon the type and extent of exposure. Moreover, high-strength concrete, which is commonly used in tall buildings, may perform poorly against fire due to its high binder content and very low permeability. Despite all the aforementioned factors, fire resistance design of structural members has been given very restricted consideration in the current Indian practice. Although several standards provide guidelines to achieve fire safety in structures, the provisions for high-strength concrete and spalling prevention are not specifically available in the major international and national standards. This paper attempts to compare the provisions corresponding to fire-resistant design in Indian standard with the respective provisions of other country standards, e.g., ACI 216 [3], NZS 3101 [4], EN 1992–2 [8], etc. Comparison parameters primarily include the design requirements for various structural members to improve their fire resistance. Furthermore, suitable recommendations for Indian Codal provisions are attempted in the latter part of the paper to achieve superior performance under elevated temperatures.
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    Alkali-activation potential of stone wastes
    (Elsevier, 2023-03) Bhunia, Dipendu
    The industrial processing of dimensional stones generates a significant amount of waste. According to the data released in 2020 by the nations with active dimensional stone industries, it is estimated that out of 316 million tons of dimensional stones extracted each year, 161.5 million tons end up as mining or quarry waste. These are dumped in open locations creating noxious conditions for mine workers, residents of nearby communities, and the environment. In the current work, an effort has been made to manufacture alkali-activated materials (AAM) using sandstone waste (SW) and marble stone waste (MW) obtained from Rajasthan (India). The primary precursor is SW, whereas MW is partially substituted as an admixture. The elemental composition of stone wastes was determined using X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF). Stone waste-based geopolymer composite was prepared using alkaline activating solutions sodium hydroxide (NH, NaOH) and sodium silicate (NS, Na2SiO3) and tested for mechanical and physical properties. Characterization and microstructural analysis of geopolymer composite was performed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) fitted with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The findings suggest that the developed geopolymer composite can be employed as a construction material that will improve the re-utilization of stone wastes, offering a workable solution to the challenges associated with their disposal.
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    Numerical simulation of RC-masonry infill wall system strengthened with textile reinforced concrete
    (Elsevier, 2023-04) Bhunia, Dipendu
    Masonry walls are generally considered non-load-bearing elements in most concrete or steel-framed structures. Being a heterogeneous structure, the masonry system effectively enhances the strength and lateral stiffness of the overall panel when subjected to horizontal forces. But the recent unsatisfactory performance of unreinforced Masonry Infill Walls (MIW) during in-plane seismic loading has caught the attention of many researchers for the last few years. To overcome these detrimental effects, strengthening the MIW frame is considered the best procedure to enhance the horizontal load-carrying capability of the system. Numerous studies evaluating various parameters affecting the behaviour of MIW were conducted using Fiber Reinforced Cementitious Material (FRCM) as a strengthening material. This paper conducted a validation study that includes numerical simulation of the experimental research carried out at Wellington Institute of Technology in which nine 2:3 scaled single bay and single story Reinforced Concrete Frame with Masonry Infills (RCFMI) specimens strengthened with different fibers (basalt, carbon, and glass) of FRCM was tested under in-plane seismic/cyclic loads. The study went into detail on creating a numerical model replicating the non-linear structural cyclic behaviour of an infill wall bound by a reinforced Concrete frame and subjected to displacement-controlled in-plane lateral stress. The numerical analysis was performed in the Finite Element Method (FEM) programme ABAQUS using a streamlined micro-model approach. To simulate the non-linear behaviour of the masonry blocks and concrete, the Concrete Damage Plasticity (CDP) model was employed. The tested specimen was retrofitted with glass fiber grid diagonal bands, each with a width equal to 1/6 of the infill diagonal length. This analysis was used to create the numerical model. The validation demonstrated that the numerical model could faithfully simulate the behaviour and forecast the strength of masonry infill walls with RC frames. The findings of the observations are explained in the form of load–displacement hysteresis loops and excursion curves. The numerical results demonstrate excellent agreement with the experimental data, a significant impact of FRCM on the system's dynamic behaviour, and an improvement in MIW effectiveness with FRCM under cyclic loading is observed.
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    Analytical solution of groundwater waves in unconfined aquifers with sloping boundary
    (Springer, 2017-07) Munusamy, Selva Balaji
    A new analytical solution is derived for tide-driven groundwater waves in coastal aquifers using higher-order Boussinesq equation. The homotopy perturbation solution is derived using a virtual perturbation approach without any pre-defined physical parameters. The secular term removal is performed using a combination of parameter expansion and auxiliary term. This approach is unique compared with existing perturbation solutions. The present first-order solution compares well with the previous analytical solutions and a 2D FEFLOW solution for a steep beach slope. This is due to the fact that the higher-order Boussinesq equation captures the streamlines better than ordinary Boussinesq equation based on Dupuit’s assumption. The slope of the beach emerges as an implicit physical parameter from the solution process.
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    On Use of Expanding Parameters and Auxiliary Term in Homotopy Perturbation Method for Boussinesq Equation with Tidal Condition
    (Springer, 2018-10) Munusamy, Selva Balaji
    This paper uses the homotopy perturbation method for the analytical solution of groundwater table fluctuations, in response to the tidal boundary condition, for a coastal unconfined aquifer with sloping beach face. The Boussinesq equation for sloping beach contains two non-linear terms. The governing equation is reconstructed in homotopic form with two virtual perturbation parameters and an auxiliary term. The secular terms generated from the non-linear diffusion term and the slope term are eliminated by using parameter expansions based on two virtual parameters. Two non-dimensional parameters emerge from the solution in the process of eliminating secular terms: (i) parameter equivalent to amplitude parameter and (ii) parameter representing beach slope. The second-order (starting from zeroth-order) solution is presented. The higher-order solution efficiently captures the non-linearity of the problem.
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    Homotopy Perturbation Method-Based Analytical Solution for Tide-Induced Groundwater Fluctuations
    (Wiley, 2015-09) Munusamy, Selva Balaji
    The groundwater variations in unconfined aquifers are governed by the nonlinear Boussinesq's equation. Analytical solution for groundwater fluctuations in coastal aquifers under tidal forcing can be solved using perturbation methods. However, the perturbation parameters should be properly selected and predefined for traditional perturbation methods. In this study, a new dimensional, higher-order analytical solution for groundwater fluctuations is proposed by using the homotopy perturbation method with a virtual perturbation parameter. Parameter-expansion method is used to remove the secular terms generated during the solution process. The solution does not require any predefined perturbation parameter and valid for higher values of amplitude parameter A/D, where A is the amplitude of the tide and D is the aquifer thickness.