BITS Faculty Publications
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Item Current status of Liraglutide delivery systems for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus(Springer, 2025-09) Jindal, Anil B.Diabetes is a metabolic disorder of increasing global concern. Characterized by constantly elevated levels of glucose, severe β-cell dysfunction, and insulin resistance, it is the cause of a major burden on patients if not managed with therapeutic and lifestyle changes. The human body is slowly developing tolerance to many marketed antidiabetic drugs and the quest for the discovery of newer molecules continues. Liraglutide is a prominent GLP-1 receptor agonist which is administered daily via subcutaneous injection. In addition to lowering HbA1c levels, it is also known for promoting weight loss and improving cardiovascular outcomes. A variety of novel formulation strategies have been explored to improve its bioavailability and patient compliance. To address these limitations, various advanced drug delivery systems have been investigated, including polymeric nanoparticles, lipid-based nanocarriers, biodegradable microparticles, hydrogels, and dissolvable microneedles. These systems aim to prolong drug release, enhance mucosal penetration, increase stability, and reduce dosing frequency. While many of these platforms show promise in preclinical and early clinical studies, critical translational barriers remain. These include challenges in large-scale manufacturing, ensuring formulation sterility, achieving regulatory approval, and maintaining stability during storage and distribution.Item Nanomedicines for the Treatment of Veterinary Parasitic Infections(Springer, 2023-11) Jindal, Anil B.Negligence in treating veterinary parasitic infection (VPI) has caused 50% of livestock loss as per the World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH). Only five major companies, including Zoetis, MSD AH, Elanco, Boehringer Ingelheim AH, and Bayer AH, are involved in animal anti-parasitic drug development. New drug discovery and development involve uncertainty and tremendous cost. Existing drugs against VPI are associated with drawbacks, including drug resistance, toxicity, non-specific delivery, non-adherence, non-compliance, unfavorable physicochemical properties, low bioavailability, and half-life. Nanotechnological intervention with an appropriate choice of excipients modulates the drug’s physicochemical properties. Moreover, it surpasses existing drawbacks, overcomes host (primary) and parasitic (secondary) cell barriers, stimulates primary defense mechanisms, and elicits long- acting and targeted delivery with reduced toxicity and enhanced efficacy. Furthermore, the nanoparticles overcome the P-glycoprotein receptors and drug resistance. This chapter elaborates on various nano-platform technologies, including liposomes, polymer- and lipid-based nanoparticles, nanoemulsions, nanosuspensions, and surface-conjugated nanoparticles loaded with natural/synthetic anti-parasitic drugs for treatment against VPI. Additionally, the nanovaccine targeting prominent Toll-like receptors (TLR) through TLR ligand and nanobodies has been succinctly elaborated. To conclude, careful consideration and future exploration are indispensable for nanomedicines against the treatment and prevention of VPI.Item Nanomedicines for the Treatment of Trypanosomiasis(Springer, 2023-11) Jindal, Anil B.Trypanosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease that is mainly prevalent in low- and middle-income countries including regions of Africa, Asia, and America. Except for fexinidazole which was discovered in late 2018, no new drug has been discovered in the last 50 years for the treatment of trypanosomiasis. Furthermore, emergence of drug resistance against FDA-approved antitrypanosomal drugs has also significantly affected the therapy. Nanotechnological interventions of the existing drugs have shown significant improvement in the therapeutic potential of FDA-approved drugs in preclinical research. The chapter focuses on the nanomedicines-based treatment of trypanosomiasis. A brief discussion on vaccine delivery against trypanosome has also been included.Item Nanocarriers for spleen targeting: anatomo-physiological considerations, formulation strategies and therapeutic potential(Springer, 2016-06) Jindal, Anil B.There are several clinical advantages of spleen targeting of nanocarriers. For example, enhanced splenic concentration of active agents could provide therapeutic benefits in spleen resident infections and hematological disorders including malaria, hairy cell leukemia, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, and autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Furthermore, spleen delivery of immunosuppressant agents using splenotropic carriers may reduce the chances of allograft rejection in organ transplantation. Enhanced concentration of radiopharmaceuticals in the spleen may improve visualization of the organ, which could provide benefit in the diagnosis of splenic disorders. Unique anatomical features of the spleen including specialized microvasculature environment and slow blood circulation rate enable it an ideal drug delivery site. Because there is a difference in blood flow between spleen and liver, splenic delivery is inversely proportional to the hepatic uptake. It is therefore desirable engineering of nanocarriers, which, upon intravenous administration, can avoid uptake by hepatic Kupffer cells to enhance splenic localization. Stealth and non-spherical nanocarriers have shown enhanced splenic delivery of active agents by avoiding hepatic uptake. The present review details the research in the field of splenotropy. Formulation strategies to design splenotropic drug delivery systems are discussed. The review also highlights the clinical relevance of spleen targeting of nanocarriers and application in diagnostics.