BITS Faculty Publications
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Item Enhancing subgrade properties of black cotton soil through the combined use of sugarcane bagasse ash and ceramic waste powder(IOP, 2024) Kakade, Vijay B.This study explores the potential of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (SBA) and Ceramic Waste Powder (CWP) in enhancing the poor black cotton (BC) soils, known for their swelling and shrinking tendencies due to high clay content. BC soils can compromise construction stability when exposed to moisture. The research involves mixing BC soil with varying proportions of SBA and CWP: 2.5% SBA and 5% CWP, 5% SBA and 10% CWP, 7.5% SBA and 15% CWP, and 10% SBA and 20% CWP. Laboratory tests show that higher SBA and CWP ratios reduce plasticity, free swell index, and Optimum Moisture Content (OMC) in the soil. This indicates that SBA and CWP additions mitigate soil plasticity and swelling. Moreover, parameters such as Maximum Dry Density (MDD), California Bearing Ratio (CBR), and unconfined compressive strength improve as SBA and CWP content increases, indicating enhanced soil strength. Laboratory findings support using up to 7.5% SBA and 15% CWP for effective subgrade soil stabilisation. A Plaxis 2D model confirms that these proportions significantly enhance pavement subgrade stability. In summary, this study demonstrates the positive impact of SBA and CWP on BC soils, reducing plasticity and swelling and improving soil strength. Using specific proportions of SBA and CWP effectively enhances subgrade soil stability, as verified by Plaxis 2D modelling.Item Impact analysis of laterally distributed truck wheel loads on pavement performance of multilane highway using strip-based approach(Springer, 2025-03) Kakade, Vijay B.The lateral distribution of truck wheel loads is a natural phenomenon observed on multi-lane roads, as not all the vehicles travelling along a road are using the same wheel path. The lateral distribution of wheel loads is a critical concern from a pavement design point of view as it signifies how the traffic loads are distributed on multi-lane roads. Thus, there is a need to evaluate the exact position of laterally distributed vehicles on multi-lane roads. In this study, the strip-based concept is used to identify the exact location of the passing vehicle along the road. The impacts of these loads were measured in terms of pavement damage analysis using the layered elastic method. In this regard, a strip with the maximum number of axle repetitions is identified called the critical strip, and quantified the fatigue and rutting damage ratio of the critical strip. Further, damage analysis is conducted for the most accumulated lane named design lane, and compared their fatigue and rutting damage ratio with the fatigue and rutting damage ratio of the critical strip. The findings of the study indicate that the design of pavement using lane-based analysis will overestimate the thickness of the pavement as compared to strip-based analysis.Item Investigation of rutting performance of dense and gap graded recycled asphalt mixtures(Springer, 2023-08) Kakade, Vijay B.Aggregate gradation used in the production of bituminous mixes has a significant influence on the rut resistance of bituminous mixes. However, despite the increase in the use of RAP in the production of bituminous mixes, a limited attempt has been made to investigate the effect of aggregate gradation on the rut resistance of RAP-modified bituminous mixes. Hence in a present study, an attempt has been made to compare the rut resistance of RAP-modified bituminous mixes made with dense and gap gradations. Two dense and two gap gradations were used to prepare the bituminous mixes at varying RAP content. Rutting characteristics of different mixes considered in the present study were evaluated in terms of dynamic modulus rutting factor (E*/sinφ), dynamic creep, and flow number (FN). The results of these tests indicate that rutting performance improved significantly with an increase in the proportion of RAP material in the mix. Also, the statistical analysis results indicate that dense-graded mixes have better resistance to rutting than gap-graded mixes. However, the average increase of 136% in flow number of gap-graded mixes compared to 34% observed in dense graded-mixes with a change in RAP content from 25 to 35% indicates that rate of increase of rut resistance with RAP content was higher in gap-graded mixes. The higher rate of increase of rut resistance without significant reduction in fatigue lives makes the gap-graded mixes more favorable for utilization of higher RAP content than dense-graded mixes.Item A literature review on moisture resistance performance of bitumen modifiers(Springer, 2024-04) Kakade, Vijay B.Moisture damage in the bituminous layer is one of the major causes of deterioration in the functional and structural performance of the flexible pavements in the field. This will result in an increase in the maintenance and rehabilitation cost of the pavement and the vehicle operating costs. Hence, it is quintessential to reduce the intensity of moisture damage in the bituminous mixes to prevent the costly maintenance of flexible pavement and the increase in vehicle operating costs. The variation in moisture resistance of bitumen or bituminous mixes produced with different types of bitumen modifiers indicates that apart from the type of aggregate, the modifier used for modification of bitumen also influences the moisture resistance performance of bituminous mixes. However, the effectiveness of bitumen modifies to mitigate the moisture damage in the bituminous mix is also varying with the type of modifier, content of modifier, type of aggregate, moisture conditioning period, severity of aging, and pavement characteristics. Hence, understanding the factors alleviating the effectiveness of bitumen modifiers to control moisture damage in the bituminous mixes is essential. This will help in the selection of the proper type and content of bitumen modifiers for the construction of roads with the least chance of damage caused by moisture intrusion in the pavement. This review documented the impact of different bitumen modifiers on moisture damage. Finally, the recommendations for the future study are provided based on the gaps identified in the current literature.Item Evaluation of effect of moisture on fatigue performance of pavement designed with recycled asphalt mixtures(Candian Science, 2023-01) Kakade, Vijay B.The moisture resistance of dense- and gap-graded bituminous mixes prepared with the replacement of virgin aggregates and fresh bitumen with reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) was evaluated using indirect tensile strength (ITS) and resilient modulus (Mr). The mechanistic analysis was performed to estimate the effect of moisture resistance on the fatigue performance of thin and thick pavement sections designed with dense- and gap-graded bituminous mixes. The ITS ratio and Mr ratio results indicate that the resilient modulus ratio is more sensitive to moisture damage in bituminous mixes than the ITS ratio. In addition, the results of the fatigue life ratio indicated that the gap-graded mix prepared with different RAP content has better resistance to moisture-related cracking in thick pavement sections than the dense-graded mix. However, the effectiveness of gap-graded and dense-graded mixes prepared with different RAP content on moisture-related cracking depended on the subgrade strength for thin pavement sections.Item Aging Resistance of Bitumen Modifiers: A Comprehensive Review(ASME, 2023-09) Kakade, Vijay B.The deterioration of physical and mechanical properties of bituminous materials that are attributable to the aging of bitumen is one of the major causes of reduction in service life of flexible pavements. Thermal-oxidation and photo-oxidation aging are the two major types of aging of bitumen. Heat and oxygen cause thermal-oxidative aging, whereas ultraviolet irradiation and oxygen causes ultraviolet photo-oxidative aging of bitumen. Aging of binder leads to significant changes in the chemical composition of bitumen resulting in reduction of cracking resistance of bituminous mixes because of hardening of bitumen. So, it is quintessential to reduce the rate of hardening of bitumen induced by aging for prevention of premature failure of flexible pavements. The type of bitumen used for production of bituminous mixes have a significant effect on aging resistance of bitumen. The bitumen can be modified by using different types of modifiers such as antioxidants, bio-oils, nanomaterials, polymers, rubber, and ultraviolet absorbers. In addition to this, the modifiers such as fillers, warm mix additives, and rejuvenators also affect the aging resistance of bitumen. However, the effectiveness of these modifiers in preventing the hardening of bitumen because of aging varies with type of aging. The modifiers that exhibit improvement in thermal-oxidative aging resistance of bitumen are found to be less effective in improvement in photo-oxidative aging resistance and vice-versa. So, it is imperative to understand the effectiveness of different types of bitumen modifiers for the prevention of thermal-oxidative and photo-oxidative aging of bitumen. This review documents the resistance of different types of modifiers to thermal-oxidative and photo-oxidative aging. Finally, the scope for future work based on the critical gaps identified from existing works is also provided to assist further research.Item Pavement surface distress evaluation using a terrestrial laser scanner(Elsevier, 2023-05) Kakade, Vijay B.The accurate measurement of pavement distresses is essential for setting preservation and rehabilitation priorities. The manual measurement of surface distresses is the most commonly used method for evaluating the severity of pavement distresses. However, the manual method has low accuracy and consistency. Thus, in the present study, images of different pavement distresses potholes, cracking, patching and ravelling of selected sections were captured using a terrestrial laser scanner (TLS). The surface area of these distresses was measured using the Leica Cyclone software. The obtained results were validated by collecting a similar distress pattern at a different location using the same equipment. The measured surface area was executed in a geographic information system platform to develop an automated database for the prioritisation of selected pavement sections of Mumbai City, India for pavement maintenance. It was observed that the TLS technique could be used effectively for safer and more accurate surface distress measurement.Item Performance evaluation of petroleum hard pitch modified with rice straw bio-oil(Elsevier, 2023-08) Kakade, Vijay B.In this present study, bio-binder was made using the bio-oil obtained from rice straw and petroleum hard pitch to reduce the air pollution caused by the burning of waste rice straw in the field. The physical, rheological, and chemical tests were conducted on the viscosity-grade binders (VG30 and VG40), petroleum hard pitch, and bio-binders prepared with a blending of petroleum hard pitch with 20 and 30 wt.%. The performance of bituminous mixes made with viscosity-grade binders and bio-binder was evaluated by using the dynamic creep, resilient modulus, and tensile strength tests. The results of the frequency sweep and Fourier transform infrared tests indicate that bio-binders have poor resistance to aging. The rut resistance of the bio-binder modified mix was better than that of the VG30 mix. There is no significant difference in moisture resistance of bituminous mixes prepared with bio-binder and viscosity-grade binders.Item Comparison of Energy Consumption and Cost of Perpetual Concrete and Flexible Pavement(BS Publication, 2019) Kakade, Vijay B.Item Identification of rheological parameters of modified binders to predict rutting behavior of bituminous concrete mixes(Indian Roads Congress, 2013) Kakade, Vijay B.Numbers of researchers used binder parameters such as complex modulus (G*) and phase angle (б) in terms of G*/sin (б), Zero Shear Viscosity (ZSV) and non-recoverable creep compliance (J sub nr) at two stress levels to describe the rutting potential of binders. Previous studies have shown that Zero Shear Viscosity and non-recoverable creep compliance obtained from Multiple Stress Creep and Recovery Test (MSCRT) have better correlation with rutting in bituminous mixes compared to G*/sin (б) especially for modified binders. In India, recent guidelines on modified binders have introduced G*/sin (б) as a mandatory test to address rutting performance of modified binders at high temperature. However there is not enough experience gained on binder parameters that would better explain rutting behavior of bituminous mix. Keeping this in view, an attempt has been made to identify most appropriate rutting parameter of modified binders that explains rutting potential of bituminous mix prepared with modified binders. Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR) was used to evaluate the different rheological properties of short term aged binders. Wheel tracker, indigenously developed IITKGP rut tester, was used to evaluate the rutting performance of mixes. Correlations were developed between rheological parameters and mix rutting to identify appropriate binder parameter to explain rutting observed in the mix. The results indicate that the non-recoverable creep compliance (J sub nr) obtained from MSCRT appears to have better correlation with rutting resistance of mixes.