BITS Faculty Publications

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Author: search.filters.author.Yadav, Shyam Sunder

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    Influence of electric potential boundary condition on the electrospraying process
    (Elsevier, 2025-08) Rao, Venkatesh K.P.; Yadav, Shyam Sunder
    In the current work, we perform three dimensional numerical simulations of the electrospraying process. Our aim is to investigate the effect of electric potential boundary condition on the electrospraying process of a liquid. We observe a steady electrospraying process in the cone jet mode for the case of uniform electric potential boundary condition. On the other hand, we observe a highly unsteady, violent electrospraying process for the case of non-uniform boundary condition. We provide explanation of this widely different behavior of the electrospraying process.
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    A three-dimensional open-source solver for incompressible viscoelastic two-component flows
    (ASME, 2025-10) Rao, Venkatesh K.P.; Yadav, Shyam Sunder
    In this study, we unveil a three-dimensional flow solver designed to simulate viscoelastic two-phase flows using the Oldroyd-B formulation. Acknowledging the challenges that researchers encounter in this dynamic field, we have integrated the three-dimensional Log conformation approach into the open-source flow solver basilisk, significantly enhancing its capabilities beyond its two-dimensional predecessors. Our solver stands as a testament to rigorous testing against a wide range of three-dimensional viscoelastic flow challenges, encompassing both single and two-phase scenarios drawn from established literature. True to its two-dimensional roots, it exhibits extraordinary robustness, adeptly managing viscoelastic flows, even at high Weissenberg numbers. By offering this powerful solver as an open-source resource, we aspire to empower the computational fluid dynamics community. We believe it will become an invaluable tool for researchers delving into the complexities of viscoelastic flows, fostering innovation and inspiring new progress in the field.
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    A comparison of classical nucleation theory and thermal phase change based condensation models
    (IOP, 2024) Yadav, Shyam Sunder; Dasgupta, Mani Sankar
    In this work, we perform numerical simulations of the condensation process of CO2 inside a converging-diverging nozzle. We use Ansys Fluent for the simulation work. The real gas properties of CO2 are generated in tabular form (including metastable states) using NIST Refprop. We compare the distribution of physical quantities during the high-speed, compressible flow of CO2 inside a nozzle under the Classical Nucleation Theory (CNT) and the Thermal Phase Change (TPC) models. The CNT model is known to be accurate but computationally expensive while the TPC model is computationally cheaper. We observe that the TPC model predicts a knee in the pressure distribution near the throat of the nozzle while CNT predicts a continuous decrease in the pressure. The two solvers predict slightly different temperature, supercooling and liquid mass fraction values in the diverging part of the nozzle. The compressible, phase change simulations under high speed conditions can be performed quickly with the TPC solver. Overall, the TPC based solver appears to be a reliable alternative to the CNT based model.
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    Impact of microgrooves on supersonic CO2 condensation and pressure recovery in a converging-diverging nozzle
    (Elsevier, 2025-08) Yadav, Shyam Sunder
    As global awareness of climate change grows, innovative CO2 capture solutions are crucial for sustainability. This research explores the potential of supersonic condensation-based separation as an advanced method for CO2 capture, leveraging the principles of supersonic flow and rapid condensation. The study employs computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling to simulate the behavior of CO2 during the phase change process in a converging-diverging nozzle. Three nozzle wall surface conditions were examined: smooth surface, 35-μm roughness, and microgrooves (0.35 mm height, 1 mm width) on the diverging section. The CFD based results are in good agreement with experimental data from the literature. The key findings include: (1) microgrooves enhance the pressure recovery post-condensation; (2) extended nucleation regions and multiple shockwaves are observed with microgrooves; (3) The smooth wall nozzle achieves the highest liquid condensation effectiveness at 15.7 %, compared to 12.7 % for the rough wall and 12 % for the microgroove wall nozzle., indicating the highest CO2 capture efficiency with smooth walls. The microgroove geometry promoted better fluid mixing but reduced overall condensation. This research contributes to developing sustainable carbon management technologies, providing valuable insights into optimizing the nozzle design and flow dynamics for enhanced CO2 capture performance.
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    Design of experiments-based optimization of supersonic nozzles for enhanced methane capture
    (2025-06) Yadav, Shyam Sunder; Dasgupta, Mani Sankar
    Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations are employed in this study to optimize key geometric parameters of supersonic nozzles, aiming to enhance methane capture efficiency through non-equilibrium condensation mechanisms. A Design of Experiments (DoE) approach was used to systematically vary key geometric parameters of a converging-diverging Laval nozzle, including inlet radius, throat radius, divergence angle, and section lengths. The non-equilibrium condensation of CH4 under metastable conditions was modeled using a custom implementation of Classical Nucleation Theory. The computational model demonstrated high accuracy when validated against experimental data for both steam and CO₂, supporting its reliability for multi-species condensation simulations. Performance metrics including exergy loss, thermal efficiency, and condensation efficiency were evaluated across 32 nozzle configurations. Four designs demonstrated superior performance, with one configuration (Run ID 22) emerging as optimal, exhibiting the highest condensation efficiency and extensive supercooling zones. The optimized design maintained stable performance across a range of inlet temperatures (240–260 K) and pressures (65–75 bar). The optimized design maintained thermal efficiencies above 91% and exergy losses below 10% and maximum condensation efficiency of 17% across a range of inlet conditions. This work establishes a foundation for designing efficient supersonic separators for methane capture, with potential applications in natural gas processing and greenhouse gas mitigation.
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    Oscillations of a Sessile Droplet in Contact and Non-contact Modes Under an AC Electric Field
    (Springer, 2016-09) Yadav, Shyam Sunder
    In the present work we numerically investigate the oscillations of a sessile conducting droplet in the contact and non-contact modes under an alternating electric field. We show that the oscillations in the non-contact mode, where the needle electrode remains away from the drop, are caused by the electric forces due to charge accumulation at the apex of the drop. In the contact mode case, where the needle remains dipped inside the drop, the electric charge accumulates at the drop surface just above the dielectric coating with a maximum value near the three phase contact line. These charges push the three phase contact line outwards with an oscillatory force which leads to drop oscillations. We also observe that higher needle voltage (~1 kV) is required for the non-contact mode while considerably less potential (~10 V) is enough for the contact mode to cause drop oscillations.
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    Numerical simulations of bubble formation from a submerged orifice and a needle: The effects of an alternating electric field
    (Elsevier, 2016) Yadav, Shyam Sunder
    In many applications, such as bubble column reactors, electric field is employed to provide a greater control on the sizes of bubbles forming at orifices and needles. In this study, we investigate the effects of an alternating electric field on the bubble dynamics. We perform numerical simulations of an alternating electric field coupled with two-phase flow using a Coupled Level-Set and Volume-of-Fluid method. We show that bubbles forming at orifices and needles decrease in size (up to ) only for a range of applied frequency and for other frequencies, the size of bubbles can be much bigger compared to the bubbles forming in the corresponding DC electric field case. The oscillating electric forces excite capillary waves on the bubble interface resulting in applied frequency dependent bubble oscillations. The numerically observed resonance for the needle case corresponds to , where is the frequency of the oscillation of the electric field force at the interface and is the capillary time scale, indicating that the resonance behavior is indeed governed by the interactions between the capillary and electric field force. A decomposition of bubble profile shapes into Legendre modes shows that for orifice as well as the needle case, second mode is most dominant followed by the fourth mode.
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    Numerical simulations of bubble formation from submerged needles under non-uniform direct current electric field
    (AIP, 2013-10) Yadav, Shyam Sunder
    In several chemical and space industries, small bubbles are desired for efficient interaction between the liquid and gas phases. In the present study, we show that non-uniform electric field with appropriate electrode configurations can reduce the volume of the bubbles forming at submerged needles by up to three orders of magnitude. We show that localized high electric stresses at the base of the bubbles result in slipping of the contact line on the inner surface of the needle and subsequent bubble formation occurs with contact line inside the needle. We also show that for bubble formation in the presence of highly non-uniform electric field, due to high detachment frequency, the bubbles go through multiple coalescences and thus increase the apparent volume of the detached bubbles.
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    Numerical investigation of a conducting drop’s interaction with a conducting liquid pool under an external electric field
    (Elsevier, 2020-06) Yadav, Shyam Sunder
    A charged conducting drop suspended in an insulating medium shows non-coalescence with an interface under high strength of an externally applied electric field. We perform numerical simulations of the non-coalescence phenomenon to understand the underlying physical mechanisms and the effect of electric field strength and fluid conductivity on the coalescence behavior of a conducting drop with a conducting liquid pool under highly viscous conditions. We show that two factors primarily govern the coalescence or non-coalescence of the drop with the interface. First, the magnitude of the charge transfer time scale (which governs the rate of charge transfer during contact between the drop and the pool) relative to the time scale of the capillary waves. Second, the strength of the electric forces compared to the viscous forces. We further show that for the case of macro drops ( mm), charge transfer by fluid convection dominates charge conduction at lower electric conductivities ( S/m) only. Finally, we explain the non-dependence of secondary droplet’s size and charge on the fluid’s electric conductivity as observed in the experiments.
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    Application of Fuzzy AHP Approach for Evaluation of Sustainable Energy Sources in India
    (CRC Press, 2021) Digalwar, Abhijeet K.; Yadav, Shyam Sunder
    Energy is an essential factor for the socio-economic development of societies and the nation. Energy consumption in India has risen very fast in the last few decades due to industrialization and urbanization. It will further increase in the future. To fulfill the increasing future energy demand, there is a necessity to find out the most sustainable energy source covering environmental, technical, economic, social, political and flexibility criteria. In this analysis both renewable (solar, wind, biomass, hydro) and nonrenewable (thermal, gas power, nuclear) energy sources are considered. Experts’ weight is collected in linguistic terminology and we employed a fuzzy analytical hierarchy process (AHP) approach to analyze the collected weights. By the analysis, solar energy is found as the most sustainable energy source in India. The sustainability order is followed by the wind, hydro, biomass, gas, nuclear and thermal energy respectively. Thermal energy is obtained as a least sustainable energy source in India because of scarcity in the availability of the fuels, a huge increase in fuel price and greenhouse gas emission.