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Start date: 1984Subject: search.filters.subject.Mechanical Engineering

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    Recent innovations in topical delivery for management of rheumatoid arthritis: a focus on combination drug delivery
    (Elsevier, 2024-08) Jindal, Anil B.; Paul, Atish Tulshiram
    Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an immune-mediated disease that necessitates a thorough understanding of its intricate pathophysiological mechanism for precise and effective therapeutic targeting. The European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) has established guidelines for RA treatment, endorsing monotherapy or combination therapy with corticosteroids and synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (sDMARDs). This review delves into clinical trials and research outcomes related to combination drug delivery, with an emphasis on the role of natural products in combination with synthetic drugs. Given the significant adverse effects associated with systemic administration, topical delivery has emerged as an alternative avenue for effective management of RA.
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    An insight into risk assessment and reformulation of drug products manufactured using benzene grade carbomer: a regulatory perspective
    (Springer, 2024-07) Jindal, Anil B.
    Cancer has been an enormous pain point for patients and regulatory bodies across the globe. In Dec. 2023, the US FDA released guidance on benzene-grade carbomer formulations, which triggered pharmaceutical manufacturers to assess risk, test finished products, and reformulate drug products with benzene-grade carbomer. The immediate implementation of the stoppage of finished products with benzene-grade carbomers has threatened pharmaceutical excipients and finished product manufacturers. The gravity of this situation prompted the US Pharmacopeia to extend the deadline for discontinuation from August 1, 2025, to August 1, 2026, allowing manufacturers ample time for reformulation and regulatory compliance. There is an immediate need to understand the guidance and to learn how manufacturers should do the risk assessment and approach reformulation. This review provides an in-depth analysis of the risk assessment and reformulation processes involved in various dosage forms utilizing benzene-grade carbomer, supported by specific case studies. This review offers insights into navigating the USFDA guidelines to ensure formulation safety and compliance, thus enabling pharmaceutical practitioners to uphold the highest standards of patient care and tackle life cycle management challenges.
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    Formulation strategies to overcome amphotericin B induced toxicity
    (ACS, 2024-10) Jindal, Anil B.
    Fungal infection poses a major global threat to public health because of its wide prevalence, severe mortality rate, challenges involved in diagnosis and treatment, and the emergence of drug-resistant fungal strains. Millions of people are getting affected by fungal infection, and around 3.8 million people face death per year due to fungal infection, as per the latest report. The polyene antibiotic AmB has an extensive record of use as a therapeutic moiety against systemic fungal infection and leishmaniasis since 1960. AmB has broad-spectrum fungistatic and fungicidal activity. AmB exerts its therapeutic activity at the cellular level by binding to fungal sterol and forming hydrophilic pores, releasing essential cellular components and ions into the extracellular fluid, leading to cell death. Despite using AmB as an antifungal and antileishmanial at a broad scale, its clinical use is limited due to drug-induced nephrotoxicity resulting from binding the aggregated form of the drug to mammalian sterol. To mitigate AmB-induced toxicity and to get better anti-fungal therapeutic outcomes, researchers have developed nanoformulations, self-assembled formulations, prodrugs, cholesterol- and albumin-based AmB formulations, AmB-mAb combination therapy, and AmB cochleates. These formulations have helped to reduce toxicity to a certain extent by controlling the aggregation state of AmB, providing sustained drug release, and altering the physicochemical and pharmacokinetic parameters of AmB. Although the preclinical outcome of AmB formulations is quite satisfactory, its parallel result at the clinical level is insignificant. However, the safety and efficacy of AmB therapy can be improved at the clinical stage by continuous investigation and collaboration among researchers, clinicians, and pharmaceutical companies.
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    Biopolymers for enzyme immobilization
    (Wiley, 2024-10) Jindal, Anil B.
    Enzyme immobilization has shown promising applications in different fields, including pharmaceuticals, chemistry, and medicine. Immobilized enzymes are more stable, recoverable, and robust than their free forms. Enzymes act as biocatalysts for several reactions, however, there is an important role of biopolymers, which act as supporting materials. Synthesis of new functionalized supporting materials from conventional polymers or using the novel technique for immobilization can serve the multiple demands of industries to ease the multi-step process of biocatalysis. In enzyme immobilization, numerous factors play a crucial role, such as the selection of support materials, optimization of pH, temperature, reaction time, and concentration of enzyme. Moreover, the present chapter provides a compiled summary of enzyme immobilization methods or techniques, biopolymers, and their features along with newer development as well as application in the same field.
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    Investigating a novel therapeutic composition for dry eye syndrome management: In vitro and in vivo studies
    (Elsevier, 2024-12) Jindal, Anil B.
    Dry eye syndrome (DES) presents a significant challenge in ophthalmic care, necessitating innovative approaches for effective management. This research article introduces a multifaceted strategy to address DES through the development of ocular inserts utilizing advanced technologies such as hot-melt extrusion (HME) and the CaliCut post-extrusion system. The formulation includes key ingredients targeting different layers of the tear film and associated inflammation, including hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC), polyethylene glycol (PEG), castor oil, and dexamethasone. The study incorporates a Design of Experiments (DoE) approach, integrating HME and the precise stretching and cutting technique of CaliCut for manufacturing consistency and dimensional control of the inserts. The developed insert(s) have been systematically characterized for their physicochemical properties, release profile, and in vivo efficacy. In silico molecular docking studies have also been conducted to assess the binding affinities of formulation components with ocular mucin, elucidating their binding affinities. Preliminary results demonstrate promising potential for the developed insert in managing DES, offering preservative-free treatment, sustained drug delivery, and improved patient compliance. This study highlights the integration of advanced technologies and formulation strategies in ocular drug delivery for effective DES management.
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    Vibration suppression of flexible beams for robotic assembly using vision and wrist motion
    (ACM Digital Library, 2023-11) Rout, Bijay Kumar
    Industrial robots are used in assembly operations to increase the productivity of the manufacturing process. In this operation, a robot grasp either a rigid or flexible object like beams, wires and sheets that may encounter undesired vibration in this object due to high speed motion of the robot. The present work designs a high-level control strategy using a robot vision system to suppress the vibrations of the flexible beams during the assembly process. The robot vision approach is used to detect the beam held by the gripper of the robot and measure the dimensions keeping an account of the change in perspective. The free response of the flexible beam is used for system identification regardless of dimension and material properties. To suppress the vibration of the flexible beam actively, the proposed high-level controller uses the wrist motion of the robot. The efficacy of the proposed approach is demonstrated by implementing it on a commercially available ABB 1410 industrial robot without modifying its controller for the beam-in-slot assembly operation. The proposed controller can suppress vibration amplitude up to 97.83% within 2.36 s and reduce suppression time by 96.23% compared to the control to no control scenario
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    Numerical investigation on design parameters of orifice plate for positioning of workpiece in cavitation zone for cavitation machining
    (Taylor & Francis, 2024-01) Rout, Bijay Kumar; Bera, Tufan Chandra
    The recent development of non-traditional machining techniques, such as cavitation machining (CM), has been gaining traction amongst researchers due to its sustainable nature. The present research focuses on the use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model to predict the location of workpiece in the fluid domain and bubble distribution during CM process. For efficient CM, the correct positioning of a workpiece in cavitation zone is essential, as the implosion of the cavity bubble leads to formation of micro-jet and shock waves for a few milli-to-microseconds generating high temperature and pressure on workpiece. The aim is to harness cavitation phenomena in material processing, particularly by using orifice plates as a common tool to induce hydrodynamic cavitation. To generalise the investigation, the flow simulation through orifice plate with different aspect ratios (l/d) are carried out. For the bubble distribution and their diameters, the Lagrangian discrete phase model (DPM) is used in the downstream side of the flow domain. Using this information, bubble dynamics have also been investigated using the Keller–Miksis (KM) model to compute the implosion time and intensity in the zone. The presented exploration determines the orifice dimensions to optimize implosion intensity, ensuring precise workpiece placement in real-time CM
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    Vision based control strategy to suppress residual vibration of flexible beams for robotic assembly using wrist motion
    (Sage, 2023-12) Rout, Bijay Kumar
    Automated assembly tasks require industrial robots to improve the efficiency of the manufacturing process. Most rigid or flexible objects handled by robots vibrate due to motion and transient disturbance. This work proposes an active vision-based vibration suppression strategy for flexible beams by providing motion to the wrist of a robot during robotic assembly process, which reduces the time to suppress vibration. The proposed method uses a cheap monocular camera to identify objects through a virtual marker and measure their dimensions. Subsequently, finite element method based mathematical model of a flexible beam predicts the maximum error. The proposed second stage controller determines the controller input in terms of wrist motion based on the predicted maximum error. The performance of the controller is assessed through simulations and experiments on metallic beams with different material characteristics and dimensions. The controller suppresses vibration amplitude within a safe limit so that object is inserted into the slot. It was observed from experiments that the controller can reduce vibration amplitude by ~96% in less than 2 s and decrease suppression time up to ~97%. These improvements were achieved without disturbing the internal robot controller.
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    Deep learning based techniques to develop & enhance assistive gear for visually impaired
    (IEEE, 2024-12) Rout, Bijay Kumar
    This work investigates existing solutions tailored for the visually impaired, focusing on economically viable options for non-first-world communities. The exploration involves developing a real-time obstacle-tracking model using the YOLO (You Only Look Once) algorithm and Text-to-Speech synthesis to provide auditory cues. This effort yields improvements in assistive technology, though it still faces limitations in algorithmic precision and user feedback integration. The research paves the way for refining this technology and envisions its seamless integration into the daily lives of the visually impaired. The findings enhance the performance of assistive technologies, especially for distances less than 1.5 meters. The results show an inaccuracy of less than 10%, translating to a margin of 10−15 cm for objects located one meter away. This work thus provides increased independence and confidence for individuals with visual impairments in navigating and interacting with their surroundings.
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    Optimization strategy for object picking and placing on table by industrial robot
    (IEEE, 2024) Rout, Bijay Kumar
    Object sorting is a problem of separating objects of different kinds based on shape, size, or any other feature into separate stacks to process those separately. In the food processing industry, object sorting is used to separate fruits of different grades. Separating fruits into different grades is essential for quality control. Manual sorting is slower and costs more than automated sorting. This paper presents a novel solution for the object sorting problem using YOLOv8x and various optimization algorithms (ILP, GA and PSO). Here, the object sorting problem is solved by modelling it as a TSP. Through experiments, it was observed that a PSO-based approach could solve the object-sorting problem efficiently. The PSO method obtained a near-optimal solution with 42% less processing time than those obtained from the ILP method, which would enhance the productivity and performance of the industrial robot