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    Pedestrian Augmented Reality Navigator
    (MDPI, 2023-02) Mahapatra, Tanmaya
    Navigation is often regarded as one of the most-exciting use cases for Augmented Reality (AR). Current AR Head-Mounted Displays (HMDs) are rather bulky and cumbersome to use and, therefore, do not offer a satisfactory user experience for the mass market yet. However, the latest-generation smartphones offer AR capabilities out of the box, with sometimes even pre-installed apps. Apple’s framework ARKit is available on iOS devices, free to use for developers. Android similarly features a counterpart, ARCore. Both systems work well for small spatially confined applications, but lack global positional awareness. This is a direct result of one limitation in current mobile technology. Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSSs) are relatively inaccurate and often cannot work indoors due to the restriction of the signal to penetrate through solid objects, such as walls. In this paper, we present the Pedestrian Augmented Reality Navigator (PAReNt) iOS app as a solution to this problem. The app implements a data fusion technique to increase accuracy in global positioning and showcases AR navigation as one use case for the improved data. ARKit provides data about the smartphone’s motion, which is fused with GNSS data and a Bluetooth indoor positioning system via a Kalman Filter (KF). Four different KFs with different underlying models have been implemented and independently evaluated to find the best filter. The evaluation measures the app’s accuracy against a ground truth under controlled circumstances. Two main testing methods were introduced and applied to determine which KF works best. Depending on the evaluation method, this novel approach improved the accuracy by 57% (when GPS and AR were used) or 32% (when Bluetooth and AR were used) over the raw sensor data.
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    A review on Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality use-cases of Brain Computer Interface based applications for smart cities
    (Elsevier, 2022-02) Chamola, Vinay; Rout, Bijay Kumar
    Brain Computer Interfaces (BCIs) and Extended Reality (XR) have seen significant advances as independent disciplines over the past 50 years. XR has been developed as an umbrella domain, covering Virtual Reality (VR), Augmented Reality (AR) and Mixed Reality (MR), giving rise to human–machine interactions. This intersection sees diverse applications ranging from rehabilitation, navigation, entertainment, robotics and home control for smart cities. This review takes an in-depth look at BCI and XR technologies, and gives examples of how their combination produces promising results pertaining to the above stated applications. It presents a detailed discussion on the background of BCI, VR and AR technologies and further their individual applications. The review then discusses the works that use the conjunction of these technologies for various real life applications in smart cities. In addition, we also present the future scope of applications that use a combination of BCI and XR technologies
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    Fuzzy Based Augmented Reality for 3D Image Modelling
    (TEST Engineering & Management, 2020) K., Pradheep Kumar
    In today’s world Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality is of prime importance. To create a scenario using Augmented Reality it is important to model objects in 3D space. Once the modelling is complete the Augmented Reality Map could be used in several applications like medicine where 3D bio printing should be done. It could also be used in education and teaching to illustrate complex working mechanisms. Here a fuzzy based algorithm has been proposed to create 3D models of objects for Augmented Reality maps. The Fuzzy rule method reduces RMSE, compared to AR Marker, Fingertips and Checkerboard by 35%, 45% and 21% respectively. The Fuzzy rule method also improves accuracy of resolution of images, compared to AR Marker, Fingertips and Checkerboard by 48%, 11% and 11% respectively.
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    Visualization of urban development 3D layout plans with augmented reality
    (Elsevier, 2022-06) Rohil, Mukesh Kumar
    In recent times, requirements in urban planning and construction of buildings have dramatically increased with the drastic growth of population in urban areas. Well-designed urban planning helps in the provision of excellent facilities to the public. Furthermore, it transforms a city into a smart city. Urban planning simplifies the provision of resources, i.e. transportation, communication, water provision, garbage disposal system, etc. The existing construction planning visualizations of 2D CAD and 3D BIM renderings work entirely in virtual digital content, which reduces the graphical object's real-time exposure to the construction process. This work explores some software-driven approaches to visualize 3D layout plans for urban development using Augmented Reality (AR). AR environment gives full-scale walkthroughs of designs to workers and designers. The article analyzes two urban planning scenarios (a) creation of new structures, (b) recreation of existing designs. The creation of new structures is done using Building Information Modeling (BIM) with AR to make 3D layout blueprints come alive. Recreation of existing designs develops BIM after merging two environments together, i.e. already existing structures and designs of new structures. Experimental results consisting of photorealistic AR digital visualizations of indoor as well as outdoor scenes of 3D layouts are used to assess the validity of our approach. The article also reports the historical growth of Augmented Reality, and explores the possible ways to architect and design urban planning 3D layout in the AR environment. Furthermore, it discusses certain possible applications of AR in urban planning.
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    Image feature detection using an improved implementation of maximally stable extremal regions for augmented reality applications
    (Taylor & Francis, 2017-05) Rohil, Mukesh Kumar; Gupta, Neetika
    Augmented Reality for all practical purposes requires extensive computation, accurate view alignment and real-time performance. To address some of these limitations, an improved method of feature detection is proposed using Maximally Stable Extremal Regions. The approach used for feature detection extracts the regions of interest using a true flood fill approach for building and maintaining the component tree. This approach has true worst-case linear complexity (Linear-MSER). In the present work, Linear-MSER is implemented at multiple scales of an image in order to increase the affine invariance properties of the detector (MSLinear-MSER). The two detectors, Linear-MSER and MSLinear-MSER, are then combined separately with Scale Invariant Feature Transform and Speeded-Up Robust Feature descriptors for performance comparison. Performance evaluation is done under varying imaging conditions like changes in viewpoint, scale, blur, illumination and JPEG compression. Results show that, MSLinear-MSER+SIFT performs best in terms of time-complexity and number of keypoint matches when executed at six octaves and five levels. This observation is true for all image-sets taken into consideration, containing images that are affine transformed in one way or other. To exhibit the efficiency of MSLinear-MSER+SIFT, a prototype of an AR system is also developed and discussed in this article using this approach.
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    Exploring Possible Applications of Augmented Reality in Education
    (IEEE, 2017) Rohil, Mukesh Kumar; Gupta, Neetika
    In recent years, use of Augmented Reality (AR) has been explored in a wide range of applications in various fields. Among these, one of the most inquired is the field of education. Many of these studies have shown that the use of AR in any learning environment promotes critical thinking, better understanding and motivates the learner for further studies. This is due to the real-time experience that AR brings with it to the learners. This paper reports some of the recent studies that list positive and negative impact of AR in an educational setting and how beneficial the employment of this technology is. The paper also gives an overview of some of the possible and promising applications of AR in the fields of science, social science, mathematics and language. Furthermore, the paper discusses trends and the vision towards future opportunities for possible research in augmented reality for education.