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    Basic principles of impedance spectroscopy
    (CRC Press, 2023) Bhatt, Geeta
    Impedance spectroscopy of biomolecules is a growing domain that deals with the study and analysis of various analyte molecules to express high-utility applications. The analytes can be directly extracted from the environment or are derived from nature through some biological/biochemical processes. The common biological analytes are drugs, DNA/RNA, cells, pathogenic bacteria, enzymes, ions, and gases. Impedance analysis measures the impedance characteristics of an analyte over a long-range frequency sweep and interprets its behavior for various frequency domains. This detection method can be utilized for analysis in an independent or integrated format with various discrete analysis/supporting techniques. Along with extensive application in the biomedical field, this technique is also used in several other applications like the analysis of electroactive polymer thin films, colloids, lubricants, paints, and batteries/fuel cells. This chapter explains the utility of impedance analysis through a detailed explanation of fundamental principles, its several components, equivalent circuit diagrams, and their common applications.
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    Impedance spectroscopy and its application in biological detection
    (CRC Press, 2023-12) Bhatt, Geeta
    This book includes basics of impedance spectroscopy technology, substrate compatibility issues, integration capabilities, and several applications in the detection of different analytes. It helps explore the importance of this technique in biological detection, related micro/nanofabricated platforms and respective integration, biological synthesis schemes to carry out the detection, associated challenges, and related future directions. The various qualitative/quantitative findings of several modules are summarized in the form of the detailed descriptions, schematics, and tables. Features: Serves as a single source for exploring underlying fundamental principles and the various biological applications through impedance spectroscopy Includes chapters based on nonbiological applications of impedance spectroscopy and IoT-enabled impedance spectroscopy-based methods for detection Discusses derivations, substrates, applications, and several integrations Describes micro/nanofabrication of impedance-based biological sensors Reviews updated integrations like digital manufacturing and IoT
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    Electrical transport in Li2SO4–Li2O–P2O5 ionic glasses and glass–ceramic composites: A comparative study
    (Elsevier, 2013-05) Dalvi, Anshuman
    A comparative investigation carried out between glasses and glass–ceramics, in the system (Li2SO4)x–(LiPO3)1 − x, reveals interesting results. The conventionally melt-quenched compositions for x ≤ 60 mol% were found to be purely glassy in nature. The glass–ceramic composites obtained by crystallization of the glassy samples were found to be composed of fine nanocrystallites of LiPO3 and Li2SO4 embedded in the glass matrix. The electrical conductivity, in both glasses as well as glass–ceramics, increases with Li2SO4 content and found to be maximum for a composition with 60 mol% of Li2SO4. Scaling of the conductivity spectra reveals that the relaxation dynamics of Li+ ions is independent of temperature and composition for glasses as well as glass–ceramics. Further, the cyclic voltammetry investigations suggest a relatively better stability of glass–ceramic samples at least up to 300 °C.
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    DNA-Based Sensors
    (Springer, 2017-12) Bhatt, Geeta
    Sensing and detection for clinical diagnostic can be accomplished through various routes. Additionally what and how of sensing is critically optimized to meet individual needs. Diagnostics is carried out with various types of sensors out of which the electrochemical sensors are most used due to their unique ability to couple seamlessly with electronic circuitry. The DNA sensor is one of the most common types of sensors which is majorly deployed to perform expression monitoring, transcription profiling, etc., for example, the products developed by Affymetrix and Nanogen. This chapter is a consolidated review of the various aspects of DNA sensors, like the principle of detection, various ways of sensing and detection, applications of such DNA-based sensing. It looks at the various principles that are utilized for gene mapping like dielectrophoresis, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), real-time PCR or quantitative PCR (better known as q-PCR), hybridization, solid-phase PCR, droplet-based PCR, etc. It also reviews various sensing/detection strategies for sensing DNA like electrophoresis, impedance spectroscopy, colorimetric sensing, optical sensing and inertial sensing. The chapter provides a state-of-the-art review of basic techniques, sensing methodologies and applications for DNA-based diagnostics as carried out by industry.
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    Schottky junction interfacial properties at high temperature: A case of AgNWs embedded metal oxide/p-Si
    (Elsevier, 2018-05) Gupta, Navneet
    Studying the performance limiting parameters of the Schottky device is an urgent issue, which are addressed herein by thermally stable silver nanowire (AgNW) embedded metal oxide/p-Si Schottky device. Temperature and bias dependent junction interfacial properties of AgNW-ITO/Si Schottky photoelectric device are reported. The current−voltage−temperature (I−V−T), capacitance-voltage-temperature (C−V−T) and impedance analysis have been carried out in the high-temperature region. The ideality factor and barrier height of Schottky junction are assessed using I−V−T characteristics and thermionic emission, to reveal the decrease of ideality factor and increase of barrier height by the increasing of temperature. The extracted values of laterally homogeneous Schottky (ϕb) and ideality factor (n) are approximately 0.73 eV and 1.58, respectively. Series resistance (Rs) assessed using Cheung's method and found that it decreases with the increase of temperature. A linear response of Rs of AgNW-ITO/Si Schottky junction is observed with respect to change in forward bias, i.e. dRS/dV from 0 to 0.7 V is in the range of 36.12–36.43 Ω with a rate of 1.44 Ω/V. Impedance spectroscopy is used to study the effect of bias voltage and temperature on intrinsic Schottky properties which are responsible for photoconversion efficiency. These systematic analyses are useful for the AgNWs-embedding Si solar cells or photoelectrochemical cells.