BITS Faculty Publications

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    Occurrence and detection of pharmaceuticals in wastewater and its subsequent treatment using constructed wetlands, bioelectrochemical systems and their combination
    (IWA, 2024-04) Mandal, Pubali
    Pharmaceutically active compounds (PhAC) are pervasive in aqueous environments, and their presence poses an ever-increasing threat to aquatic creatures and all associated living forms. Most PhACs are extremely hydrophilic and have a complicated molecular structure, preventing them from being destroyed by traditional wastewater treatment methods. In addition, these contaminants are present at such a low concentration that their detection poses a significant challenge. Researchers have utilized advanced oxidation processes to degrade these chemicals over time. However, most studies have been conducted on the lab scale and do not function well for real wastewater since many interfering substances are present. In addition, these techniques are expensive and result in the production of harmful byproducts. To combat the PhACs, it is vital to develop a sustainable economic strategy. This book chapter discusses the occurrence of PhACs in wastewater, their potential environmental impacts, and the necessary procedures for accurately quantifying these compounds. The book addresses the possibilities of biological systems, such as constructed wetlands (CW) and bioelectrochemical systems (BES), in the hunt for a sustainable method of eliminating PhACs. CWs have been selected because they are robust systems with several simultaneous removal mechanisms. BES have also demonstrated considerable potential for treating these substances in wastewater and producing bioelectricity. In addition, the chapter discusses an emerging technology, that is, hybrid CW–BES systems, which utilize the benefits of both CW and BES and may prove to be an efficient approach to treating wastewater, removing PhACs, and generating electricity simultaneously.
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    Sustainable synergistic approach to chemolithotrophs—supported bioremediation of wastewater and flue gas
    (Springer Nature, 2024-07) Raghuvanshi, Smita; Gupta, Suresh
    Flue gas emissions are the waste gases produced during the combustion of fuel in industrial processes, which are released into the atmosphere. These identical processes also produce a significant amount of wastewater that is released into the environment. The current investigation aims to assess the viability of simultaneously mitigating flue gas emissions and remediating wastewater in a bubble column bioreactor utilizing bacterial consortia. A comparative study was done on different growth media prepared using wastewater. The highest biomass yield of 3.66 g L−1 was achieved with the highest removal efficiencies of 89.80, 77.30, and 80.77% for CO2, SO2, and NO, respectively. The study investigated pH, salinity, dissolved oxygen, and biochemical and chemical oxygen demand to assess their influence on the process. The nutrient balance validated the ability of bacteria to utilize compounds in flue gas and wastewater for biomass production. The Fourier Transform–Infrared Spectrometry (FT–IR) and Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS) analyses detected commercial-use long-chain hydrocarbons, fatty alcohols, carboxylic acids, and esters in the biomass samples. The nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) metabolomics detected the potential mechanism pathways followed by the bacteria for mitigation. The techno-economic assessment determined a feasible total capital investment of 245.74$ to operate the reactor for 288 h. The bioreactor’s practicability was determined by mass transfer and thermodynamics assessment. Therefore, this study introduces a novel approach that utilizes bacteria and a bioreactor to mitigate flue gas and remediate wastewater.
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    A Review of Partial Least Squares Modeling (PLSM) for Water Quality Analysis
    (Springer, 2020-10) Gupta, Raj Kumar; Gupta, Karunesh Kumar
    Regression is a powerful tool in statistical modeling suited for qualitative and quantitative analysis and widely used in forecasting and prediction. The partial least squares modeling (PLSM) is one of the regression tools used in statistical analysis. There are many fields in which PLSM has been used; water is one of them, which is an area of interest for many researchers and scientists for more than two decades. Since water has multiple parameters to analyze, there is a problem of dimensionality and collinearity. The problem of multidimensionality, as well as collinearity, can be solved by PLSM. PLS regression can be suitable for analysis as it is the most prominent multivariate regression tool. This paper describes the use of PLS regression modeling for water quality analysis of different kinds of water samples (groundwater, wastewater, river water, and coastal water). Various methods employing PLSM for water quality analysis has been discussed in detail.
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    Wastewater Allocation and Pricing Model for the Efficient Functioning of CETP Serving a Textile Industrial Cluster
    (Springer, 2021-04-21) Singh, Ajit Pratap
    Textile industry produces a quarter of the global industrial wastewater effluent, and most of the pollutants get added in the dyeing and printing processes of fabric production. Due to improper disposal and non-stringent policies, there is visible pollution of river bodies, degraded environmental flows and groundwater contamination. Since the cost of treatment to acceptable quality standards is high, industries operate by using cheaper water sources like lifting groundwater or bypassing the common effluent treatment plants (CETPs). Also, industries with small-scale production cannot bear the high cost levied on them by the authorities to recover the collective cost incurred by CETP. Thus, it is necessary to ensure that discharge and concentration of effluent sent to CETP by member industries are manageable, and industries pay as per their effluent quality and quantity. In this study, for the textile industrial cluster in Balotra, Rajasthan, in India, the zero liquid discharge (ZLD) technique has been proposed. Subsequently, the optimal allocation of effluent discharges for member industries in study region has been formulated. Using the industrial outflow data obtained from government agreements, the optimization relation between concentration, flow and cost has been implemented. The result obtained is the number of industries and their full or fractional wastewater share depending upon the value of fractional allocation (25, 33, 50, 66, 75 or 78%). This study can serve as an alternative to the existing ad hoc method of taxing member industries for wastewater treatment and lead to a win–win situation for industries, CETPs and the environment
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    Nano-adsorbents for wastewater treatment: A review
    (WRA, 2011-06) Gupta, Suresh
    The concern over increasing awareness for development of systems to improve water quality for effluents from wastewater treatment and industrial facilities has provided incentives to develop new - technologies and improve performance of existing technologies. Various methods exist for the removal of toxic metal ions from aqueous solutions, but adsorption is by far the most versatile and widely used process. In recent years, a great deal of at tent ions hai been focused onto the application of nunostructured materials as adsorbents or catalysts to remove toxic and harmful substances from wastewater and air. This study mainly focused on those nano-adsorbents which are used for wastewater treatment. The nano-adsorbents which were studied are classified into two classes namely carbon derived (inform of tubes, wires and particles) and non carbon derived (metals, metal oxides, etc.) nano-adsorbents. A detailed study on each nano-adsorbent is done through studying their synthesis, characterization, adsorption characteristics and their uses and application in the real world. The synthesis of nano-adsorbents was studied using different methods such as arc discharge method, laser ablation and chemical vapour deposition. The characterization of nano-adsorbents was carried out using Raman spectroscopy. The experimental characteristics of adsorption at different pH, temperature are studied and their results are discussed. The applications of nanomaterials may yield benefits to the environment through the development of new technologies and the widespread uses of nanomaterials will also likely result in their introduction to our environment. It is therefore critical that the researchers in the area of nanotechnology should address important aspects related to the development of nano-materials. The present study also deals with the future developments of nano-materials and challenges in this field of environmental engineering.
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    Synthesis and use of alumina nanoparticles as an adsorbent for the removal of Zn(II) and CBG dye from wastewater
    (Springer, 2014-12-18) Gupta, Suresh; Maheshwari, Utkarsh
    In the present study, an alumina nanoparticle adsorbent is developed using solution combustion synthesis method and is further utilized for the removal of zinc (Zn(II)) and color black G (CBG) from wastewater. The developed adsorbent is characterized using SEM–EDS technique. The effect of various parameters such as the initial concentration, the contact time, the mass of adsorbent and the solution pH are studied for the removal of Zn(II) and CBG. The equilibrium time for both, Zn(II) and CBG is obtained to be approximately 4.5 h. The maximum adsorption of Zn(II) is found at pH value of 7 while the maximum removal of CBG is obtained at pH value of 2. The Langmuir isotherm model is found suitable for explaining the adsorption behavior of Zn(II) (R 2 = 0.976) and CBG (R 2 = 0.974) onto alumina nanoparticles, which supports the monolayer formation of Zn(II) and CBG during the adsorption process. The maximum adsorbent capacity of alumina nanoparticles for the removal of Zn(II) and CBG are obtained as 1,047.83 and 263.16 mg g−1, respectively. The kinetic data obtained during the experiments are better fitted with the pseudo-first-order model for both, Zn(II) (R 2 = 0.989) and CBG (R 2 = 0.971). A statistical analysis is also carried out to develop the mathematical equation which relates the different independent parameters (initial metal concentration, pH, time and mass of adsorbent) with the dependent parameter (adsorption capacity). The optimum values of independent parameters are estimated using Microsoft Solver.
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    Removal of Cr(VI) from Wastewater Using a Natural Nanoporous Adsorbent: Experimental, Kinetic and Optimization Studies
    (Sage, 2015-01-01) Gupta, Suresh; Maheshwari, Utkarsh
    In the present work, a nanoporous adsorbent prepared from low-cost neem bark is used for the removal of chromium (VI) ions from wastewater. The adsorbent is characterized by scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectroscopy, BET surface area, infrared analysis and X-ray diffraction analysis. The effect of various parameters such as adsorbent dosage, pH, initial concentration and contact time for the removal of chromium (VI) ions has been studied. The data obtained have been tested with various isotherm and kinetic models. Langmuir model is found to be the best suited isotherm model giving maximum adsorption capacity as 26.95 mg g−1 for the removal of chromium (VI) ions. Effluent from a plating industry was also used to evaluate the performance of the developed adsorbent. Weber and Morris and Boyd models show that both intra-particle and film diffusion are the controlling mechanism for adsorption of chromium (VI) ions on the developed adsorbent. The mathematical model is developed to optimize the adsorption capacity (q) in terms of the influencing parameters with the help of differential evolution (DE) technique.