BITS Faculty Publications

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    A TDOA measurement technique for asynchronous indoor localization system using UWB-IR
    (IEEE, 2016) Vashistha, Ankush
    In this paper we have proposed a Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA) measurement scheme for practical asynchronous systems using low cost low power target nodes (called tags). The system performs localization of transmit only tags using an ultra wide band Impulse radio (UWB - IR). We use a known location reference node for synchronization between the receiving (or anchor) nodes. The clock of the reference node is considered to be a perfect clock whereas clocks of all other nodes, anchor nodes as well as target node, is assumed to imperfect. We formulated the equations to synchronize the clocks of the anchor nodes and estimate the TDOA range measurements between the anchor nodes. The equations were analyzed with the practical measurement results.
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    Self calibration of the anchor nodes for UWB-IR TDOA based indoor positioning system
    (IEEE, 2018-02) Vashistha, Ankush
    The problem of anchor nodes placement in indoor positioning systems is labor intensive and time consuming process. A self-calibrating scheme is proposed to determine the position of the anchor nodes using Ultra-Wide band impulse radio (UWB-IR). These positions can be further used to determine the position of the target nodes. The time difference of arrival measurement technique is employed to self-calibrate the anchor nodes. The proposed scheme is verified with the simulation results, as well as with an in house designed sensor nodes experimental setup.
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    A novel E-DTDOA based one-way ranging using uwb-ir with unsynchronized anchors
    (IEEE, 2021) Vashistha, Ankush
    In this article, a novel analytical equation is proposed to determine the equivalent time of arrival (E-TOA) for achieving sub-ns resolution, with much reduced analog-to-digital converter sampling frequency (in the order of 2-3 MHz). The timing information is extracted from high resolution channel impulse response, which is obtained using an equivalent time sampling (ETS) technique. The proposed E-TOA equation is different from the conventional real-time sampling equation due to the presence of an additional transmitter clock drift, and thus sensitive to both the transmitter and receiver clock drift variations. The validation of the E-TOA equation is carried out numerically using simulations along with experimental validation. The effect of timing uncertainties relating to the transmitter clock start time and the receiver clock offset is analyzed with variations in the transmitter and receiver clock drifts. With E-TOA measurements, an equivalent differential time difference of arrival based one-way ranging scheme for unsynchronized anchors is further proposed. It is thus demonstrated, using in house designed sensor nodes, that high ranging accuracy, in the order of few centimeters, can be achieved by utilizing the proposed analytical E-TOA technique, even with low sampling rate.
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    A review on WSN based resource constrained smart IoT systems
    (Springer, 2025) Haribabu, K.
    In Wireless Sensor Network (i.e. WSN) based resource constrained Internet of Things (i.e. IoT) environments, efficient data forwarding is achieved through cluster based mechanisms, where cluster heads facilitate communication among themselves and with the sink node. Data collected by each cluster head is temporarily buffered before being transmitted to the sink via multi-hop communication. The integration of advanced wireless technologies, such as 5th Generation (i.e. 5G) networks, offers significant benefits, including reduced latency, extensive coverage, improved spectral efficiency, and higher data transmission rates. Incorporating Device-to-Device (i.e. D2D) communication further enhances energy efficiency and offloads data traffic, addressing critical IoT requirements such as low latency, increased network capacity, and improved spectral and energy efficiency. Software Defined Networking (i.e. SDN) addresses diverse IoT network needs across domains like smart grids, healthcare, traffic signaling, agriculture, and smart homes by enabling efficient communication, network management, and innovative control procedures. However, SDN’s application for anomaly detection and primary defense against security threats in IoT systems remains underexplored. This research investigates the potential of the design of an intelligent mechanism for energy efficient, privacy preserving, and secure communication in WSN based resource constrained IoT systems. The proposed approach leverages advanced technologies such as SDN, Machine Learning (i.e. ML), Deep Learning (i.e. DL), D2D communication, Computer Vision, and Network Function Virtualization (i.e. NFV). Additionally, it emphasizes assessing and offloading specific IoT application functions onto the network’s edge to enhance performance. Moreover, the development of lightweight security mechanisms for secure communication in resource constrained IoT environments is also identified as a crucial research domain.
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    Mmulcriapp: ML and MCDA based approach for energy efficient communication for wsn based resource constrained iot devices
    (IEEE, 2025-05) Haribabu, K.
    Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) play a crucial role in various domains like environmental monitoring, agriculture, home automation, and healthcare. However, they face challenges such as limited resources, dynamic environments, data routing issues, scalability, unreliable wireless communication, mobility, security concerns, limited bandwidth, and fault tolerance. Machine Learning (ML) techniques have been utilized to address these challenges. Additionally, Multi Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA), a tool for making decisions involving multiple criteria, is helpful in scenarios like cluster head selection in WSNs. This paper proposes a hybrid approach that combines ML for initial rounds, followed by MCDA based mechanisms in later rounds. The approach is evaluated using metrics like energy consumption, node degree, remaining energy, sink node location, and distance metrics and shows better performance compared to the ML technique alone.
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    Energy efficient data communication for WSN based resource constrained IoT devices
    (Elsevier, 2024-10) Haribabu, K.
    In the Internet of Things (IoTs) and wireless sensor networks (WSNs), improving security and energy efficiency are key concerns. Clustering, which involves managing cluster heads, plays a pivotal role in extending network lifetime. The selection of a cluster head, responsible for data transfer between nodes, is a key aspect of network management. This paper proposes two variants of a novel algorithm designed for energy efficient communication in a resource constrained IoT environments. One variant considers remaining energy, distance, and node degree for cluster head selection, while the other focuses on remaining energy and distance only. Including node degree ensures cluster heads do not waste energy by remaining idle or performing unnecessary tasks such as the cluster head selection process in every round. The authors tested these variants against several well known algorithms using MATLAB simulation environment, evaluating factors such as operating nodes, number of clusters, transmission energy, and remaining energy. The proposed algorithm extends network lifetime by maintaining more operating nodes for longer, not changing clusters or cluster heads frequently, minimizing energy consumption for transmission, and conserving more remaining energy. Consequently, the proposed algorithm outperforms existing approaches by addressing issues like zero cluster head selection, compulsory cluster head selection in every round, avoiding cluster heads that connect to no nodes, and preventing network destabilization due to unnecessary re-elections.
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    Dyswitch: dynamic switching to enable secure and energy efficient data communication in resource constrained iot environmentattack detection in data plane
    (Springer, 2025-04) Haribabu, K.
    Numerous applications spanning smart health, smart cities, smart parking, smart agriculture, smart homes, and smart transportation rely extensively on internet of things (IoT) systems. These systems depend on the periodic sensing of the physical environment, employing wireless sensor networks (WSNs) to collect vast amounts of data. Given the importance of safeguarding this data against diverse attacks, traditional security mechanisms may prove impractical for resource constrained WSN devices. Lightweight cryptographic algorithms emerge as a fitting solution for such environments. This paper introduces a system proposed to dynamically transition between available lightweight cryptographic algorithms, guided by factors such as the desired security level, network status (e.g. bit error rate), and user requests. Through this dynamic adaptive approach, the proposed system ensures swift adaptability to evolving security requirements and network conditions. Moreover, this methodology highlights a nuanced integration of cryptographic algorithms, catering to the evolving needs of modern IoT environments.
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    Optimal Path-Finding using Quantum Alternating Operator Ansatz with Grover’s Search for Multi-hop Wireless Sensor Networks
    (IEEE, 2024-07) Bitragunta, Sainath
    With the development of wireless sensor networks to combat the problem of reaching places otherwise unreachable for humans, there is a need to keep these remote renewable devices charged. Optimizing the network to utilize the minimum amount of energy becomes paramount. With the advent of powerful Quantum Variational Algorithms suited for the current Noisy Intermediate Scale Quantum (NISQ) era of quantum computers, we can exploit the power of these quantum processors to solve classically hard problems. In this paper, we use the Quantum Alternating Operator Ansatz (QAOA) followed by Grover Searching, which amplifies the possible paths to find the optimal path in a multi-hop network. We perform experiments using quantum simulators to obtain useful insights into the algorithm’s performance with respect to various parameters of interest. Our approach involving QAOA and Grover Searching is a useful benchmark for more general and complex optimization problems in remote renewable wireless networks.
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    LoRa-Based Wireless Sensor Network Testbed for Precision Agriculture Application
    (IEEE, 2024) Chalapathi, G.S.S.
    Over the past few years, Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) has seen many improvements, and there are various applications of WSNs in various domains. Most communication technologies have a trade-off between distance and power consumption, i.e., to reach a longer distance, high power is consumed. LoRa overcomes this problem by consuming less power and transmitting small data packets for a long distance. The objective of this research work is to use LoRa technology in Precision Agriculture applications to help the stakeholders in better decision-making. A small experimental testbed is set up for precision agriculture applications. This testbed had sensors to monitor pH, soil moisture, soil temperature, and NPK parameters. An Automatic Weather Station (AWS) is set up to monitor ambient weather parameters-temperature, humidity, rainfall, wind speed and direction, barometric pressure, solar radiation, and leaf wetness. These sensor parameters were collected at the LoRa Gateway and forwarded to a network server hosting the The Things Network (TTN) LoRa stack. Transmission statistics are collected and analyzed for this application for remote monitoring of agricultural farms for quick and efficient decision-making.
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    RD-TDMA: A Randomized Distributed TDMA Scheduling for Correlated Contention in WSNs
    (IEEE, 2014) Bhatia, Ashutosh
    In wireless sensor networks (WSNs), contention occurs when two or more nodes in a proximity simultaneously try to access the channel. The contention causes collisions, which are very likely to occur when traffic is correlated. The excessive collision not only affects the reliability and the QoS of the application, but also the lifetime of the network. It is well known that random access mechanisms do not efficiently handle correlated-contention, and therefore, suffer from high collision rate. Most of the existing TDMA scheduling techniques try to find an optimal or a sub-optimal schedule. Usually, the situation of correlated-contention persists only for a short duration, and therefore, it is not worthwhile to take a long time to generate an optimal or a sub-optimal schedule. We propose a randomized distributed TDMA scheduling (RD-TDMA) algorithm to quickly generate a feasible schedule (not necessarily optimal) to handle correlated-contention in WSNs. In RD-TDMA, a node in the network negotiates a slot with its neighbors using the message exchange mechanism. The proposed protocol has been simulated using the Castalia simulator to evaluate its runtime performance. Simulation results show that the RD-TDMA algorithm considerably reduces the time required to schedule.