BITS Faculty Publications

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    Blockchain-enabled solution for transparency and waste minimization in pharmaceutical supply chains
    (Elsevier, 2025) Sangwan, Kuldip Singh; Kulshrestha, Rakhee
    The pharmaceutical supply chain is a complex network involving multiple stakeholders and processes, making it susceptible to various inefficiencies and challenges such as counterfeiting, drug expiry, and inefficient inventory management. These challenges may lead to compromised patient safety and financial losses. Blockchain technology is a promising solution to these problems. This study develops a blockchain-enabled mathematical model for pharmaceutical supply chains. A distributed ledger is used to acquire the real-time drug transaction status throughout the supply chain. The study uses real-time data gathered from the distributed ledgers across the supply chain, ensuring optimum inventory with the minimization of expired drugs and transportation costs. By leveraging the proposed model, stakeholders can eliminate counterfeiting, reduce drug expiry, and ultimately ensure the integrity and safety of pharmaceutical products throughout their lifecycle. This model also helps manufacturers in decision making for drug manufacturing based on real-time data. Novelty of the study lies in real-time tracing and managing the drugs across the supply chain.
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    Decentralized trust: NFT and blockchain-enabled evidence system using fog computing
    (Elsevier, 2025-06) Chamola, Vinay
    Evidence plays a crucial role in judicial systems, and managing it securely and efficiently ensures justice. This paper introduces Decentralized Trust, a framework that combines blockchain technology, Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs), and fog computing to address common issues like tampering, delays, and reliance on centralized systems. Traditional methods that depend on cloud computing often face high latency and slow processing, especially in remote areas. This research also builds upon the challenges identified in previous studies, such as tampering vulnerabilities, inefficiencies in evidence processing, and accessibility issues in underserved regions, providing a novel and comprehensive solution through Decentralized Trust. Fog computing handles tasks closer to where data is created, reducing delays and improving response times. Blockchain ensures that evidence records cannot be altered, while NFTs make each piece of evidence unique and tamper-proof. The framework is organized into layers: edge nodes at police stations capture evidence, fog nodes process the data and create NFTs, and cloud storage, supported by the Interplanetary File System (IPFS), provides secure long-term storage. Results demonstrate that the framework achieves average transaction delays of 24.5 seconds on low-performance devices (Node A) and 168.9 seconds on high-performance devices (Node B), with margins of error showing efficient scalability even under significant processing loads. The observed transaction delays are due to differences in system architecture and processing priorities. High-performance devices (Node B) have more complex validation processes, increased security checks, or resource contention, contributing to longer transaction times. By combining these technologies, Decentralized Trust offers a reliable, fast, and secure way to manage judicial evidence, building trust in the framework while addressing the needs of remote and underserved areas.
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    An efficient and scalable byzantine fault tolerant consensus for vehicular networks
    (IEEE, 2025) Alladi, Tejasvi
    Vehicular networks represent a new distributed system paradigm that requires robust fault tolerance to ensure reliable operation. As a burgeoning area of research, the scalability and optimization of consensus mechanisms for these networks are critical. Traditional Byzantine Fault Tolerant (BFT) algorithms like PBFT are not inherently optimized for the localized needs of vehicular networks, suffering from scalability issues due to their global nature and high messaging complexity. In response, we introduce a two-tiered consensus framework that refines PBFT for the specific context of vehicular networks. By organizing nodes into clusters based on geographic proximity, our approach reduces messaging complexity from O(n2) to O(n1.5), significantly improving scalability. The framework distinguishes between local and global state transitions, adding two phases to the PBFT protocol to manage these efficiently. This tailored consensus process aligns with the localized communication patterns of vehicular networks, enhancing both efficiency and scalability. The framework addresses the critical challenges of traditional BFT algorithms in vehicular networks, offering a solution that is both scalable and resilient. It is a step toward enabling vehicular networks to fulfil their potential as a reliable component of modern distributed systems.
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    Layered blockchain-based mobile crowdsensing architecture: exploring privacy and scalability challenges across layers
    (Springer, 2025-04) Bhatia, Ashutosh; Tiwari, Kamlesh
    Blockchain technology has emerged as a transformative solution for addressing the limitations of traditional Mobile CrowdSensing (MCS) systems, which rely on centralized architectures. Despite its promise, the integration of blockchain into MCS introduces challenges related to privacy, scalability, and system efficiency. This paper presents a comprehensive layered architecture for enhancing blockchain-based MCS systems (BMCS), focusing on two critical dimensions: privacy and scalability. By categorizing challenges and proposed mitigation strategies, the study explores privacy risks arising from blockchain transparency and evaluates privacy-preserving mechanisms, including zero-knowledge proofs, multiparty computation, and homomorphic encryption, to protect sensitive data in decentralized environments. Scalability constraints, such as limited transaction throughput and resource intensity, are presented with targeted solutions that reduce on-chain loads and improve performance. The findings contribute actionable insights to advance BMCS systems, charting a path for resilient and scalable decentralized ecosystems.
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    Smartchain: a smart and scalable blockchain consortium for smart grid systems
    (IEEE, 2019) Dua, Amit
    Smart grid (SG) provides a peer-to-peer energy trading mechanism wherein the electric vehicles (EVs) can trade for energy with their peers using the information and communication technologies. However, the dependence on third party for coordinating the energy trading decisions leads to a bottleneck for any distributed environment. Therefore, blockchain technology can provide a privacy-preserving and effective consensus mechanism without the control of trusted third party. Although blockchain provides inherent secure framework for transactional process, but the this security is because of computational complexity enforced. In SG environment, the conventional blockchain process could not be employed due to limited computational resources with EVs, which makes it difficult to solve the tough computational puzzles to validate the transactions. On the other hand, any compromise on the computation difficulty makes it more vulnerable to various types of attacks. Therefore, in this paper, SmartChain: a blockchain inspired smart and scalable ledger framework which does not require much computational complexity is designed for secure peer-to-peer energy trading in SG ecosystem. The proposed framework is evaluated using the parameters such as execution and validation time. The results obtained depict the superiority of SmartChain in contrast to the conventional blockchain process.
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    Knowledge development in non-fungible tokens (NFT): a scoping review
    (Emerald, 2024-01) Nigam, Achint
    The purpose of this paper is to investigate the potential of NFTs in revolutionizing innovation management and information systems. Innovations done by firms are blatantly used by other firms to develop cheap knock-off. This leads to huge economic loses to the firm investing in research and development activities. Firms are in need of trusted, immutable and verifiable means of storing information which cannot be used by others, even if publically available without their consent. Non-fungible tokens (NFTs) appear to be one such solution to this problem that has recently attracted a lot of investor interest. Using NFTs the information is tokenized and is stored in a secure manner.
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    Dark side of the metaverse and user protection
    (Emerald, 2024-12) Nigam, Achint
    In this chapter, we explore the dark side of the metaverse and the need for user protection. While the metaverse offers multiple opportunities it also poses significant risks for users, such as privacy concerns, addiction, harassment, and cyberbullying. First, we discuss the various threats that users may encounter such as online harassment, assaults, cyberbullying, hate speech, identity theft, and virtual property theft. As per the Center for Countering Digital Hate, an incident of violation occurs every seven minutes within VRChat, a popular virtual reality game. The level of misconduct in the metaverse can surpass the extent of internet harassment. Virtual reality gaming has been associated with various health issues like sleep deprivation, and insomnia as well as mental health concerns such as depression, anger, and anxiety. We examine how these issues may impact user’s physical and mental health. The sensors and devices used in the metaverse collect a vast amount of user biometric data and spatial data. Interactions between users and metaverse could be leaked. We examine different methods that improve user protection, including everyone from enhanced security protocols via the application of privacy-enhanced technology to several avatars, two-factor authentication, and user educational and awareness programs. Moreover, we explore how the newest technologies, like blockchain and artificial intelligence, play a role in making user safety more important. We finished the course with the study of the case of Second Life, the virtual reality gaming platform, and pointing out some of the problems that exist within it.
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    Good governance and implementation
    (Emerald, 2024-12) Nigam, Achint
    In this chapter, we describe the importance of good governance in the metaverse. It offers unlimited opportunities and presents unique governance challenges. First, we describe the concept of good governance and its relevance to the metaverse. We emphasize that the speed of metaverse adoption depends upon the presence or absence of effective governance. Recognizing the metaverse as the next iteration of the internet, we present significant governance issues. Some issues such as interoperability, security, safety, privacy, law, and digital inequality are critical governance issues in the metaverse. Next, we explore the diverse governance frameworks to ensure the implementation of policies and regulations. These frameworks include decentralized governance, cross-sector collaboration, and standards-based governance. We also describe the best practices which are essential for good governance. To materialize the concepts and principles discussed, we present a compelling case study centered on Decentraland. This insightful exploration dissects a decentralized autonomous organization (DAO)-based governance structure, offering valuable insights into the intricacies and stages of governance proposals. We acknowledge both the merits and potential drawbacks inherent to this approach. This chapter aims to offer an all-encompassing view of metaverse governance, essentially serving as a comprehensive roadmap for traversing the multifaceted landscape of this digital frontier.
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    From crisis to cure: the afghan refugee dilemma, security, and technological interventions
    (Brill, 2024-12) Ramachandran, Veena
    This article examines the fourth wave of Afghan refugees, focusing on two emerging migrant groups: women and girls facing restrictions in education and employment, and military personnel linked to the previous Afghan government. Using classical and modern immigration theories, it assesses the challenges that Afghan refugees face in Pakistan, emphasizing the persistence of nontraditional security threats, such as terrorism and violence by the Taliban. To improve refugee monitoring and management, the article proposes technological solutions, specifically using artificial intelligence (AI) and the blockchain. It explores how these technologies can enhance management of a refugee database, streamline legal processes, and provide services such as telemedicine and tele-education. Employing a qualitative contextual approach supported by primary and secondary data and insights from field and subject experts, the article concludes that, although technology can significantly enhance the welfare of Afghan refugees, its successful use depends on political commitment and a measured approach.
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    DemocracyGuard: Blockchain-based secure voting framework for digital democracy
    (Wiley, 2024-08) Chamola, Vinay
    Online voting is gaining traction in contemporary society to reduce costs and boost voter turnout, allowing individuals to cast their ballots from anywhere with an internet connection. This innovation is cautiously met due to the inherent security risks, where a single vulnerability can lead to widespread vote manipulation. Blockchain technology has emerged as a promising solution to address these concerns and create a trustworthy electoral process. Blockchain offers a decentralized network of nodes that enhances transparency, security, and verifiability. Its distributed ledger and non-repudiation features make it a compelling alternative to traditional electronic voting systems, ensuring the integrity of elections. To further bolster the security of online voting, we propose DemocracyGuard platform on the Ethereum blockchain, which incorporates facial recognition technology to authenticate voters. By leveraging these advancements, DemocracyGuard aims to provide a secure and resilient platform for online voting, paving the way for its broader adoption and revolutionizing the electoral landscape.