Browsing by Author "Krishna, M."

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Are Unpaid Women Willing to Work in the Labour Market? Evidence from India
(Bridgewater State University, 2022) Krishna, M.
India has set an ambitious target of achieving a US$5 trillion economy by 2025. However, a steady increase, perhaps even more rapid in recent years, in women’s participation in unpaid domestic work poses a grave threat to India’s economic development. Significantly, the extent of women’s participation in unpaid domestic work ballooned in India, recording a quantum leap from 200 million in 2004–05 to 287 million in 2017–18. The main aim of this paper is to examine the role of socio-economic factors in explaining the willingness of unpaid women to undertake work in the labour market, using data from unit-level records of employment and unemployment and labour force surveys. This study shows that, despite engaging in routine household chores, about one-third of unpaid women are willing to take up work in the labour market. Moreover, the majority of women engaged in unpaid domestic work in India have no choice but to do this work due to the socio-economic constraints. From a policy perspective, governments should encourage unpaid women who are willing to participate in the labour market to do so, by reinforcing gender-focused measures such as provision of basic facilities, public childcare, easy access to credit facilities for entrepreneurial activities, and invigorating technical education and vocational training.
Are Unpaid Women Willing to Work in the Labour Market? Evidence from India
(Bridge, 2022) Krishna, M.
India has set an ambitious target of achieving a US$5 trillion economy by 2025. However, a steady increase, perhaps even more rapid in recent years, in women’s participation in unpaid domestic work poses a grave threat to India’s economic development. Significantly, the extent of women’s participation in unpaid domestic work ballooned in India, recording a quantum leap from 200 million in 2004–05 to 287 million in 2017–18. The main aim of this paper is to examine the role of socio-economic factors in explaining the willingness of unpaid women to undertake work in the labour market, using data from unit-level records of employment and unemployment and labour force surveys. This study shows that, despite engaging in routine household chores, about one-third of unpaid women are willing to take up work in the labour market. Moreover, the majority of women engaged in unpaid domestic work in India have no choice but to do this work due to the socio-economic constraints. From a policy perspective, governments should encourage unpaid women who are willing to participate in the labour market to do so, by reinforcing gender-focused measures such as provision of basic facilities, public childcare, easy access to credit facilities for entrepreneurial activities, and invigorating technical education and vocational training.
Causal Nexus Between Remittance Inflow And Its Determinants, 1998-2020: Evidence From The South And Southeast Asian Lmics
(Applied Econometrics and International Developmenthttps://ideas.repec.org/a/eaa/aeinde/v24y2024i1_6.html, 2024) Krishna, M.
This paper aims to explore the key macroeconomic determinants that influence remittance inflows to the 12 lower-middle-income countries (LMICs) in South and Southeast Asia. The study employs panel data methods such as fixed and random effects and Kao test of cointegration over the period 1998-2020 using secondary data. The findings indicate that factors such as financial development, migrant stock, and GDP per capita of the host country and home countries positively affect the remittance inflows. However, the average cost of remittances, age dependency ratios, inflation rate, real interest rate and political stability are negatively associated with remittances. The LMICs in South and Southeast Asia are amongst the least expensive remittance corridors, and enhancing remittance inflows to these economies can go a long way in aiding development and helping these economies transition to a higher income category. In this context, we argue that efficient and accelerating financial development is likely to enhance the remittance inflows to the LMICs.
Cost-benefit analysis of adopting the solar photovoltaic water pumping system: A case of Rajasthan
(Franco Angeli, 2020) Krishna, M.
Rajasthan, the largest state in India, occupies 10.5 per cent of the total geographical area of the country, although about two-thirds of its area is arid. The state has a predominantly agrarian economy, and agriculture is the mainstay of about two-thirds of the workforce. Interestingly, only 28 per cent of the net cultivable area in the state is irrigated, compared to the national average of 49.8 per cent. With the aim to improve irrigation facilities and increase agricultural productivity, the state government implemented the solar photovoltaic water pumping system (SPVWPS) in 2008-09 as an appropriate alternative to grid-connected water pumping. The aim of this paper is to assess the costs and benefits of adopting the SPVWPS using data from a field survey of 126 households. The findings show that use of the SPVWPS offers substantial benefits to adopters in the long run. In addition, government subsidy plays a major role in determining the payback period of adopters? investment in the scheme. The paper suggests that, alongside timely implementation of the scheme, the government should facilitate domestic manufacturing of solar cells and panels to fully harness social benefits of the SPVWPS.
Does Economic Development Affect Public Debt Accumulation ? Empirical Evidence from India
(AMC, 2022-04) Krishna, M.
The main aim of this paper was to explore various public debt determinants in India using structural equation modeling (SEM). This study is based on secondary data, starting from 1985 – 2018. The study was partially confirmatory and partially exploratory as it also inspected the interaction between economic development and public debt. The findings suggested that, among various macroeconomic variables, debt servicing, inflation, and military expenditure are the key determinants of debt in India. Moreover, as expected, economic development has a negative relation with public debt, suggesting that public debt accumulation tends to decrease with the progress in economic development. It is acknowledged that the improvement in socioeconomic conditions is likely to enhance the overall welfare of the people and thereby create more productive resources in the economy. Therefore, from a policy perspective, we should zero in on internal and debt-related factors.
Does Social Network Matter in Knowledge Output?
(Sage, 2011-05) Krishna, M.
This paper examines two important aspects of knowledge output: the degree of concentration in knowledge output and the nature of social network, taking the Economic and Political Weekly (EPW), a known scholarly periodical in the social sciences, as a case. We analyse the author data, looking at the frequency distribution of authors against the number of papers published and the social network of authors during the period 1996–2005. While the degree of concentration is assessed using a power law, namely Lotka’s law, the co-author data is transformed to a symmetric sociogram. The study covers 1,803 authors who published research articles in the EPW, including contributions by social scientists, policy professionals and scientists. It appears the progress in Indian social science has an apparent link with the history of EPW, accounting for a significant part of intellectual output and scholarly discourses in Indian social science. Taking cues from scholarly lineages, which investigate knowledge as a social phenomenon including the sociology of science, economics of knowledge and social network theory, we examine an important question: What is the degree of concentration prevailing in the EPW, during 1996–2005? Does the social network of authors, captured from the data, provide explanations for the degree of concentration? Our analysis shows that a high degree of the concentration of the authors and a relatively organised social network of authors coexist, indicating that the concentration in knowledge output, perhaps, is inherently linked to the structure.
The effect of COVID-19 pandemic on economic growth and public debt: an analysis of India and the global economy
(Emerald, 2022-03) Krishna, M.
The study attempts to examine the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on the economic growth and public debt of the Indian economy. The authors also attempt to make quarterly projections of economic growth and external debt (ED) for the next five years. The objective is to understand how much time the economy takes to recover and at what pace. Consequently, this study elucidates the composition of debt after the crisis in the next five years.
The effect of COVID-19 pandemic on economic growth and public debt: an analysis of India and the global economy
(Emerald, 2022-03) Krishna, M.
The study attempts to examine the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on the economic growth and public debt of the Indian economy. The authors also attempt to make quarterly projections of economic growth and external debt (ED) for the next five years. The objective is to understand how much time the economy takes to recover and at what pace. Consequently, this study elucidates the composition of debt after the crisis in the next five years.
The Emerging Dynamics of Informal Employment
(World Economics Ltd, 2021-06) Krishna, M.
Informal employment accounts for a significant proportion of the workforce in less-developed economies, particularly India, and has grown steadily in the past two decades. Using unit-level data from three consecutive employment and unemployment surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) in 2004–5, 2011–12 and 2018–19 (PLFS), we investigate the emerging dynamics of formal and informal employment in Maharashtra, India. This article highlights: a significant increase in the share of women performing unpaid domestic work; uneven distribution of the status of employment in rural and urban Maharashtra; the burgeoning size of the working poor, who earn barely enough wages to obtain a decent living; and inadequate coverage of formal employment in the economy. From a policy perspective, we argue that the state should aim at restructuring employment status and labour laws by infusing more skill to trigger an upward spiral of higher productivity, which will catapult the economy to a desirable trajectory, as well as facilitate and foster inclusive growth.
Employment in India: Emerging dynamics
(World Economics Ltd, 2014-12) Krishna, M.
The growth of employment has become a matter of grave concern in India for the past two decades. This paper – based on the unit-level data of the 61st and 66th quinquennial rounds on employment and unemployment released by the National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO) in 2005 and 2010, respectively – pinpoints some of the emerging issues and dynamics in various segments of the Indian labour market. It finds that, notwithstanding India’s average annual growth of more than 8% and compound annual population growth of 1.4% between 2004/05 and 2009/10, the workforce grew at a snail’s pace, hovering around 0.03% per annum. What is striking is that, considering the workforce by sex, about 21 million female workers, approximately equivalent to the population of Australia, were out of the workforce between 2004/05 and 2009/10. Interestingly, segregating the workforce by rural–urban sector, it would seem that, contrary to a quantum leap of 13 million in the rural male workforce, the rural female workforce recorded a decline of 19 million during the same period, of which scheduled tribe, scheduled caste and other backward class combined to add up to a significant proportion. Interestingly, a precipitous increase in the number of females attending educational institutions and domestic duties accounted for a large-scale decline in the female workforce. The findings presented in this paper point to the need for a concerted effort to mitigate widening gender disparity and shrinkage of the female work participation rate in India.
Intergenerational Educational and Occupational Mobility: Evidence from India
(Ashwin Anokha Publications & Distributions, 2021) Krishna, M.
Rapid rise in income inequality in India is a serious concern. While the emphasis is on inclusive growth, it seems difficult to tackle the problem without looking at the intricacies of the problem. Social mobility is one such important tool which helps in reaching the cause of the problem and focuses on bringing long term equality in the country. The purpose of this study is to examine the role of social background and education attainment in generating occupation mobility in the country. By applying an extended version of the RC association model to 68th round (2011-12) of the Employment and Unemployment Survey by the National Sample Survey Office of India, we found that the role of education is not important in generating occupation mobility in India, while social background plays a critical role in determining one’s occupation. This study successfully highlights the strong intergenerational occupation immobility in the country and also the need to focus on quality of education. In this regard, further studies are needed to uncover other crucial factors limiting the growth of individuals in the country.
Intergenerational Educational and Occupational Mobility: Evidence from India
(Ashwin Anokha Publications & Distributions, 2021) Krishna, M.
Rapid rise in income inequality in India is a serious concern. While the emphasis is on inclusive growth, it seems difficult to tackle the problem without looking at the intricacies of the problem. Social mobility is one such important tool which helps in reaching the cause of the problem and focuses on bringing long term equality in the country. The purpose of this study is to examine the role of social background and education attainment in generating occupation mobility in the country. By applying an extended version of the RC association model to 68th round (2011-12) of the Employment and Unemployment Survey by the National Sample Survey Office of India, we found that the role of education is not important in generating occupation mobility in India, while social background plays a critical role in determining one’s occupation. This study successfully highlights the strong intergenerational occupation immobility in the country and also the need to focus on quality of education. In this regard, further studies are needed to uncover other crucial factors limiting the growth of individuals in the country.
Is there a trade-off between energy consumption and employment: Evidence from India
(Elsevier, 2020-05) Krishna, M.
Following India’s efforts to mitigate the emission of greenhouse gases, there has been a transition from fossil fuels to clean energy sources, such as solar and wind, in the energy portfolio. The renewable energy sector is widely acknowledged as a fertile ground for employment creation, as it is labour-intensive. Against this backdrop, the main objective of this paper is to provide an empirical explanation of how the growth of renewable energy sources, particularly solar photovoltaic (PV) technology, affects employment creation in India. The findings reveal that, despite a substantial investment in India’s solar PV technology, the number of jobs created by the sector declined marginally from 164000 in 2017–114000 in 2018. India’s estimated employment elasticity is just 0.004, implying that the level of employment does not show a significant positive response to changes in installed capacity. Almost 60 per cent of the global solar PV workforce is in China, which has become the leading country both in terms of installed capacity of global solar PV technology and manufacturing of solar PV cells and modules. The wide disparity in solar PV employment between India and China is explained by the former’s excessive dependence on China for solar PV cells. Alongside climate conservation, India should, therefore, place more emphasis on revitalising the domestic solar manufacturing industry to bring about efficient use of the nation’s untapped resources.
Job Search Methods in the Labour Market An Empirical Analysis
(IRIS Knowledge Foundation, 2014) Krishna, M.
How do people go about finding jobs? A widely acknowledged presumption is that that ‘job-search process’ plays a critical role in the determination of labour market outcomes. This essay underlines the critical importance of understanding the process by which people find jobs. It examines the search behaviour of workers in the labour market, with special reference to the workers employed at an industrial area in Bangalore, Karnataka
Labour Market in Urban Agglomerations: A Case from an Indian Global City
(Sage, 2012-11) Krishna, M.
The article explores salient features of the link between labour market and urban agglomeration, using National Sample Survey unit level data and field data. To capture the role of labour market in urban agglomeration, the authors present a case study of Peenya Industrial Estate of Bangalore, India considered to be the largest industrial estate in South Asia. An interesting pattern that emerges is that the odds in favour of participating in the formal work are much higher for persons with technical education in global cities in India. The nature of the labour market for highly skilled occupations is distinct from the labour market for low-skilled occupations, showing different flexibility conditions. While firms tend to use simple ways for lower occupations, strategies like referrals are applied to source persons for higher occupations. Obtaining job information through informal sources like social contact does not turn out to be the significant determinant of odds in favour of on-the-job-search. As shown by the results, on-the-job search is rather driven by basic demographic variables like age, showing a discernibly inverse relation. Moreover, this inference is limited to the group of workers.
Measuring performance of farmer producer organisations using data envelopment analysis
(Emerald, 2024-02) Krishna, M.; Pandey, Ranjan
Farmers producer organisations (FPOs) play the most crucial role in the agriculture supply chain system, aiming to redress the balance between farming and marketing activities of agricultural produce. The purpose of this study is to assess the performance of FPOs using data envelopment analysis (usually referred to as DEA) on 34 FPO units selected from the state of Rajasthan
Nexus between total natural resource rents and public debt within symmetric and asymmetric framework: Fresh insight from resource-rich economy
(Elsevier, 2024-06) Krishna, M.
Many economies abundant in natural resources often leverage the rents from these resources as collateral for borrowing during periods of economic boom, intending to repay debts during periods of windfall. However, this practice can cultivate irresponsible borrowing tendencies, potentially leading to debt trap scenarios when global resource prices decline. Thus, our study delves into the interaction between public debt (PD) and total natural resource rents (TNR), examining both aggregate and disaggregate forms, with a specific focus on India spanning from 1980-81 to 2021–22. Our aggregate analysis reveals that PD exhibits heightened responsiveness to negative shocks in TNR compared to positive shocks, indicating an asymmetric impact of TNR on PD within the Indian context. Additionally, disaggregate analysis uncovers that both positive and negative shocks in coal rents (CR), natural gas rents (NGR), and forest rents (FR) significantly and adversely affect PD. Furthermore, a positive shock in mineral rents (MR) demonstrates a negative and significant impact on PD, while a negative shock in MR yields a positive but insignificant impact on PD. Overall, barring oil rents (OR), other forms of resource rents such as CR, NGR, FR, and MR showcase asymmetric and negative effects on PD. These findings underscore the importance of prudent institutional behavior and sound economic policies in overseeing and managing debt sustainability in resource-rich economies.
oes Change in S & T Explain Dynamics in Human Capital? An enquiry into Emerging Trends in Nursing Labour Market
(IASSI, 2010-01) Krishna, M.
We examine why it is important to consider seemingly autonomous but more embedded socio-political-economic aspects in assessing the impact of changes in Science and Technology (S&T) on human capital. In capturing the linkage between S&T and human capital, as we show, the dynamics in labour market is enmeshed in the complex web of socio-political-economic systems. Perhaps, this mode of reasoning has varying effects depending on the nature of economic activity. While the effect of entanglement of socio-political-economic aspects on S&T-human capital linkage may have less dynamism for primary economic activities, this effect is quite apparent for secondary and tertiary activities, quite reflected in consequences such as migration of labour. Interestingly, we investigate this dynamics taking nursing labour market as a case, viewing its significance in the emerging health care systems. A significant change in S&T of health care is that it has become more diagnostic than heuristic based system, mainly driven by advancements in the bio-medical technology. This change has altered the scope of health care occupations, covering occupations such as physicians, nurses, and para-medical professionals. Of these, nursing as an occupation reports one of the highest rates of women participation. After 2000, the migration of nursing professionals from some of the least developed/developing countries to developed countries has shown a steady increase. This surge in migration may have its roots in changes in S&T of health care systems. However, this link remains incomplete if we exclude a host of factors, primarily stateâ€™s role in health care, changes in health care education, new institutions in human capital formation, wage dynamics, and an increasingly socially embedded labour market. In this paper, we examine these themes â€“perspectives and substantive issues- , using the literature and secondary and primary data.
Revisiting the debt-growth nexus: Evidence from India
(Economic annals, 2021) Krishna, M.
The main purpose of this study is to examine the debt-growth nexus in India over the period 1984-2019 using Bayer-Hanck and Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) cointegration techniques. The findings of both techniques suggest the existence of a negative relationship between public debt and economic growth in the long run. The results also confirm the significant negative relationship between foreign exchange reserves and economic growth. Interestingly, the test results confirm the unidirectional causality running from public debt to economic growth in the case of India. From a policy perspective, reducing public debt is imperative to achieve long-term sustainable growth. Efforts should be made to circumvent the burden of burgeoning interest liabilities by generating a primary surplus, which will facilitate debt servicing and timely repayment of debt.
The Structure of Collaboration Networks: An Illustration of Indian Economics
(Sciendo, 2018-03) Krishna, M.
The main aim of this study is twofold: first, to examine the underlying structure of co-authorship in Indian economics; and second, to explore the link between the participation in scientific collaborations and academic visibility. We decipher the structure of co-authorship by presenting collaboration networks of scholars who published articles in six Indian economics journals during 1966-2005, which is split into four windows: 1966-75, 1976-85, 1986-95, and 1996-2005. In this study, the following social network measures are applied: the size of the network, the size of the main component, average degree, path length, and clustering coefficient. The study presents the following three features of Indian economics: first, a substantial proportion of Indian authors are isolated, albeit declining very slowly over a period of time; second, it appears that the structure of scholarly collaboration in Indian economics is highly fragmented, and the observed size of main components accounts for a small proportion of the total authors; third, and more importantly, the size and composition of co-authorship networks presented in the paper seldom impact the scientific visibility of authors.