Department of Mechanical engineering
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Item Impact of magnetic fields on magnetic nanofluid heat transfer in enhanced mini-channels for high-performance cooling(Elsevier, 2025-12) Bhattacharyya, SuvanjanThis study computationally compares various minichannel configurations to improve heat transfer efficiency and lower battery surface temperatures, ensuring safe operation and extended lifespan. Utilizing CuO/water, Fe3O4/ water and CuO + Fe3O4/ water as the coolant, the study incorporates passive methods to foil the boundary layer for eddy formation, alongside magnets to enhance eddy formation. The computational analysis evaluates heat transfer effectiveness using parameters such as the Nusselt number, friction factor, Colburn j-factor, and TEF. The velocity and the temperature profile has also been depicted to further strengthen the understanding of the fluid flow variations under the influence of magnets. The results show a 65.49 % increase in the Nusselt number compared to a plain channel with water, while the Colburn j-factor rises by 65.49 % for the CuO/ water nanofluid. Although the friction factor also sees a notable increase, the performance improving factor reaches a peak of 2 for Fe3O4/ water nanofluid. All these findings are taken at the Reynolds number of 250 when a couple of magnets are positioned at the distance of 0. 15 × 102 mm and 0. 25 × 102 mm from the entrance of the channel and the results obtained highlight the dominance of the staggered upstream ribbed configuration over other designs, making it a promising approach for cooling systems in EVs and HEVs.Item Experimental and numerical investigation for optimization of a hybrid battery thermal management system based on phase change material and air convection(ASME, 2024-12) Verma, SaketThis work presents the design and optimization of a phase change material (PCM)-based hybrid battery thermal management system (HBTMS). In the first stage, experiments are performed to measure the battery cell temperatures under various charge rates with and without the usage of PCM. Thereafter, a numerical model is developed to conduct a parametric study on the effect of the thickness of PCM layer around the battery cell. The results show that with the PCM thicknesses of 6–12 mm, the maximum cell temperature (36.35 °C) and thermal nonuniformity are within the safe range. In the second stage, a parametric study is conducted in the 6S1P battery module to optimize the spacing between the cells at constant inlet velocity. The result shows that an increase in cell spacing decreases the maximum temperature within the cells. The maximum temperature is within the optimal range when the cell spacing is 10 mm. At the constant cell spacing of 10 mm, an increase in inlet velocities from 0.25 m/s to 2.5 m/s gradually improves the thermal uniformity. The maximum temperature and thermal nonuniformity for the 6S1P battery module are found to be 42.07 °C and 1.17 °C respectively. In the third stage, the 6S1P battery module is optimized for PCM thickness, cell spacing, and inlet air velocity. It is found that effective thermal management is possible with PCM-based HBTMS at a low airflow rate of up to 1.5 m/s. The optimized PCM-based HBTMS shows 53.95% and 40% reductions in PCM mass and air flowrate, respectively.Item Progress in design and development of battery thermal management system for electric vehicles(Springer, 2025-08) Verma, SaketReversible electrochemical batteries having reasonable cyclic charging and discharging capabilities are commonly employed in portable applications. The battery technology has improved on various aspects such as high specific energy density, high nominal voltage (up to 3.7 V), long cycle life and low self-discharge, and reached to a level, where it can be incorporated in large-scale applications, e.g. Electric Vehicles (EVs). Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries are commonly used in light and heavy-duty vehicles nowadays due to its superior performance, long life, and high energy density. The battery is the most critical component in an EV, and its effectiveness decides the success of the vehicle. In terms of economics, the battery pack represents a significant portion of the overall cost of an EV. Therefore, not only optimum design but also operation and maintenance of the battery pack is considered crucial. In this regard, both high and low temperatures have a significant impact on the performance of the Li-ion battery. Temperature non-uniformity also leads to capacity differences among individual cells, ultimately affecting the overall performance of the battery pack. To enhance electrochemical performance, prolong battery life, and maintain optimal power performance, it is crucial to develop a Battery Thermal Management System (BTMS) that can effectively and reasonably regulate its temperature. Most of the electrical automobile industries have adopted active cooling systems, including both air and liquid cooling. Air cooling systems are simple and low maintenance. However, due to the low heat transfer coefficient, the core part of the battery generally reaches high temperatures, leading to high thermal non-uniformity. Liquid cooling, on the other hand, has a higher heat transfer coefficient, which helps in creating a more effective cooling system. However, liquid cooling requires an external cooling system and a very effective leak-proofing, making it generally costlier. The energy provided to the active system is extracted from the battery pack, compromising the vehicle’s range. Passive cooling systems come into play as they are capable of eliminating or reducing these issues. However, passive techniques alone cannot provide effective cooling during high discharge and charging conditions. It is recommended to use a combination of passive and active techniques in BTMS to achieve the desired maximum temperature and thermal uniformity.Item Towards sustainable transportation: factors influencing electric vehicle charging stations development(Elsevier, 2025-05) Digalwar, Abhijeet K.; Routroy, SrikantaThe Indian transportation sector, reliant on fossil fuels, is predominantly accountable for the emergence of critical challenges such as greenhouse gas emissions, reliance on foreign energy sources, economic strain, and persistent health repercussions. In order to mitigate these urgent challenges, electric vehicles (EVs) are conceptualised as a viable, sustainable and ecologically sound technological solution, capable of successfully transitioning towards a sustainable low-carbon emission transportation framework and preserving finite natural resources. EVs encounter significant challenges in achieving rapid assimilation into the commercial landscape, and one of the most frequently referenced impediments to the accelerated adoption of EVs is the insufficiency of charging infrastructure along with the resultant range anxiety. Nevertheless, expanding the charging infrastructure network is financially burdensome and necessitates careful and strategic planning. Despite identifying essential factors, the inquiry “In what manner do these factors engage and interact?” has predominantly remained unaddressed in empirical investigations. Examining the interactions between these variables will empower producers and regulatory authorities to participate in systematic planning and devise suitable measures to govern these variables. The prime objective of this research is to execute an exhaustive assessment and furnish insights into the multifaceted factors/criteria influencing the establishment and development of EV charging infrastructure within a developing nation such as India. Factors are extracted from previous studies through literature reviews and expert interviews. The study also validates the identified factors empirically. Subsequently, a mixed-method approach is utilised to implement a combination of Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) and Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL). This methodology enables a methodical exploration of the hierarchical structures and interconnections among the variables, thereby enhancing the comprehension of their influence on the implementation and efficacy of charging infrastructure. The study identifies technological, economic, political, geographical, environmental, geopolitical, and socio-technical factors as key drivers influencing EV charging infrastructure development, highlighting the interdependencies between critical variables and providing a structured framework to enhance accessibility, scalability, and sustainability in alignment with global Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 7 and 13.Item Assessment of optimal fuel and drive mix for automobile sector decarbonization in India: a scenario analysis of 2035(Springer, 2025-08) Digalwar, Abhijeet K.The rapid growth of predominantly fossil fuels powered automobiles in India results in harmful greenhouse gas emissions (GHG), environmental challenges like air pollution and health hazards. Hence, India is adopting alternate low-emission fuels like compressed natural gas (CNG), biofuels, promoting zero-emission technologies like fully electric vehicles (FEVs), pursuing options like hybrid vehicles (HEVs), and hydrogen-powered vehicles (HPVs). These solutions must encompass reliability, cost-effectiveness, circularity, and mainly optimality. This study addresses above challenges, aligns with India’s upcoming nationally determined contribution (NCD 3.0) and decarbonization policy till 2035 and derives an optimal alternate fuels/drive mix, It adopts a time-series forecasting and machine learning (ML) for vehicle inventory projections, constructs a scientific model, includes six relevant cost and benefit factors, evaluates eleven scenarios using the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) method, derives an optimal mix and verifies its robustness through sensitivity analysis. The optimal mix for 2035 indicates a reduction in the share of fossil fuels (50%) with healthy improvement in the adoption of FEVs (40%), BFVs (8.4%), CNGVs (0.6%), HEVs (0.5%), and HFVs (0.5%). This shift toward cleaner solutions will enable reduction of around Rs 3.6 trillion in fuel imports and 54% of GHG emissions compared to current levels, enabling mitigating environmental challenges. Unlike energy sector, India lags in studies of optimal fuel / drive mix for automobile sustainability. This study addresses above gap, providing critical insights to policymakers, industry, and academia for fine tuning automotive decarbonization policies, toward achieving net zero by 2070.Item A comprehensive framework for analysis and evaluation of factors responsible for sustainable growth of electric vehicles in India(Elsevier, 2022-12) Digalwar, Abhijeet KumarThe Indian transport sector powered by fossil fuels is primarily responsible for creating severe issues like greenhouse gas emissions, foreign fuel dependency, economic burden, and chronic health effects. To mitigate these severe issues, electric vehicles (EVs) are positioned as an alternate green and clean technology, which can potentially enable the efficient transition to a sustainable low-carbon emission transportation system and preservation of natural scarce resources. Despite announcing favorable policy measures to encourage EV adoption, the multiplicity of potential factors with mutual interaction has resisted its penetration in several countries. Though researchers have identified the critical factors, the question “How do these factors mutually interact among themselves?” has remained largely unanswered in empirical research. Unpacking the relationship between the factors will empower manufacturers and policymakers in strategic planning, and devising suitable measures in controlling the factors. The primary goal of this research is to undertake a thorough assessment and give a brief understanding of the various factors responsible for sustainable growth of EVs market in India. Factors are identified from past academic literature and experts' interviews. Study further empirically validated the identified factors. Then integrated Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) – Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) approach has been used to demonstrate the interrelationship and hierarchal structure of the factors. The present study will be useful to the manufacturers, policymakers to focus on the gray area so that they can expedite the growth of EVs deployment in India.Item Modeling the supply chain risk and barriers to electric vehicle technology adoption in India(Springer, 2023-12) Digalwar, Abhijeet KumarThe Electric Vehicle (EV) technology is believed to be the most effective to reduce dependency on petrol and diesel vehicles and thereby achieve clean environmental objectives. In pursuit of achieving emission net zero by 2070, central government and state governments are putting substantial efforts to drive the EV technology growth in India. The central and state governments in India through various schemes such as Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Hybrid and Electric Vehicles (FAME-II), Production Linked Incentive Scheme (PLI), Swapping policy for batteries, Special Electric Mobility Zone, and subsidies such as tax rebate on EVs. Yet the complete switch to the EVs from petrol and diesel vehicles, still has significant technology and supply chain barriers. This research paper identifies the risks and barriers with respect to supply chain, technology, finance, and policy for the growth of EV technology in India. The research paper using an Interpretive Structural Model (ISM) demonstrates the critical supply chain barriers. Based on the analysis carried out in this research paper, the barriers such as availability of battery packs, raw materials, charging network, and interoperability of batteries are the most critical supply chain barriers to implementing EV technology in India. The research findings will enable policymakers to develop a sustainable EV supply chain in India and in similar developing countries.Item Modelling factors influencing charging station location selection to accelerate ev adoption in India: an ISM-MICMAC analysis(Springer, 2023-12) Digalwar, Abhijeet Kumar; Routroy, SrikantaElectric vehicles (EVs) are rising fast to prominence as a key component of the effort to meet sustainable energy goals. The research and mass manufacturing of new energy vehicles, especially electric vehicles, offer several benefits over conventional energy vehicles, such as zero exhaust emissions, zero pollution, cleanliness, and low cost. As a result, more and more nations are paying attention and placing importance over the development of EV-fleet, but EV sales are still a modest part of all vehicle sales. The protruding reason highlighted by the literature and researchers is underdeveloped charging infrastructure. To get the most out of an EV, an appropriate charging station with optimum configuration needs to be placed in a specific location with all the infrastructure to make it supportive and sustainable hotspot for EVs. This study aims to identify all the factors that needs to be considered while selecting a location for setting up a sustainable charging station for EVs in semi-urban areas. A deeper understanding of factors is explored, using interpretive structural modelling (ISM) and MICMAC analysis. A total of 17 factors are considered for the analysis which are crucial in developing the configurations for an EV charging station. The outcomes of the paper will support the policymakers to locate, determine and decide the suitable locations, and configuration for constructing EV charging stations and escalate the EV adoption.Item A data-driven framework for optimizing multi-period ev charging infrastructure deployment(IEEE, 2024-12) Digalwar, Abhijeet Kumar; Routroy, SrikantaThe rise of electric vehicles represents a transformative shift in the automotive industry, signaling the dawn of a new era of clean, sustainable transportation, but their operation requires a distributed rapid-charging infrastructure. Building such rapid charging networks is currently capital-intensive and therefore, requires careful planning and the development of the charging infrastructure must be maintained. However, infrastructure construction is not a one-off investment but a multi-period plan. A multi-period location and capacity expansion model of the charging stations will be needed. This study proposes a novel data-driven framework for deploying suitable rapid-charging infrastructure for EVs in large urban areas. This study combines an iterative clustering technique with a geographical information system analysis tool to determine the suitable regions for developing an optimized EV charging service. The analysis intends to plan a case study for Gurugram City of India and suggest the locations that should be the potential points for consideration of charging station development.Item Study of the Reality on Electric Vehicle in Indian Scenario(IOP, 2021) Bhattacharyya, SuvanjanIn this work, the estimation of the actual CO2 emission of a conventional IC engine vehicle and an electric vehicle have been studied in different phases and those vehicles are in same segmented also. How much time it would be taken in order to convert an electric vehicle in to a Green Vehicle (GV) also been studied. In our work, we compare two similar SUV's in there same segment one is Electric Vehicle (EV) and another is conventional IC Engine Vehicle (ICV). Both the cars have very similar power output; torque and design in there segment. Although there are many options of fast charging, long refuelling or recharging time is a major problem of the EV but this is not our concern study. In science each and every innovation has one good and a bad side, and there is no exception about the EVs also.