Department of Mechanical engineering

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    Effect of aggregation on thermal conductivity and heat transfer in hybrid nanocomposite phase change colloidal suspensions
    (AIP, 2013-11) Parameshwaran, R.
    his study aims to investigate the role of aggregation of the hybrid nanocomposite particles on thermal conductivity and heat transfer of the phase change colloidal suspensions. It is observed that the incorporation of the hybrid nanocomposite particles substantially enhances thermal conductivity of such suspensions up to 42.4% and effectively reduces their freezing time by 19.5%. The predictions and the experimental results supports the fact that the aggregation of the hybrid nanocomposite particles largely involve in the eventual thermal conductivity enhancements and heat transfer of the phase change colloidal suspensions, with a sufficiently lesser effects realized from the nanoparticles Brownian motion.
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    Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Beta vulgaris: Role of process conditions on size distribution and surface structure
    (Elsevier, 2013-06) Parameshwaran, R.
    The present work reports the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles, using Beta vulgaris peel extract with a subsequent investigation on the size distribution and surface structure of nanoparticles formed under various process conditions. The green-chemical reduction mechanism of silver ions to nanoparticles by the active organic functional groups present in the extract was characterized, using the respective spectroscopic techniques. The effects of various process parameters, including induced intraparticle ripening, were attributed to the controlled formation of anisotropic silver nanoparticles within the supporting matrix of the extract. The plasmon absorption and resonance scattering properties were expected to be favourable for small and larger size nanoparticles (below 25 nm and above 75 nm) respectively, which was considered to be an indicative aspect for synthesizing nanoparticles of narrow size distribution. The zeta potential and dynamic light scattering (DLS) results suggest the good stability and mono-dispersed size distribution of the silver nanoparticles. The transmission electron microscope, selective area electron diffraction (SAED) and X-ray diffraction studies infer that the nanoparticles formed were spherical/quasi-spherical in shape, which primarily exhibited a face centred cubic crystal (FCC) structure. The green-chemical reduction of organic phases in the extract (especially amine (NH2) groups) as reflected through shifts observed in the Fourier-transform infra red (FTIR) peaks, reveal the possible interaction of the organic molecules with the silver ions in the effective formation, surface modification and stabilization of the silver nanoparticles.
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    Analytical and experimental investigations of nanoparticles embedded phase change materials for cooling application in modern buildings
    (Elsevier, 2012-03) Parameshwaran, R.
    his paper presents the analytical and experimental investigations of the phase change heat transfer characteristics and thermodynamic behavior of spherically enclosed phase change material (PCM) with dispersion of nanoparticles for latent thermal energy storage (LTES) system in buildings. In this study, the heat transfer characteristics in terms of the transient temperature variations, moving interface positions, complete rate of solidification and melting were analyzed for the six different PCMs considered in pure form and with dispersed nanoparticles as well. The heat transfer characteristics of the PCMs considered were analytically modeled and experimentally evaluated for the steady state and transient conditions for various heat generation parameters during freezing and melting cycles of the LTES system. The experimental results infer that for the same thermal load conditions the rate of solidification for the PCMs decreased with the increased mass fractions of nanoparticles while compared to the pure PCMs. For the same operating conditions of the LTES system, similar heat transfer characteristics were observed for the six PCMs considered. In this paper, the analytical model solutions and experimental results for the 60% n-tetradecane: 40% n-hexadecane PCM are presented. The solidification time for the 60% n-tetradecane: 40% n-hexadecane PCM embedded with the aluminium and alumina nanoparticles were expected to reduce by 12.97% and 4.97% than at its pure form respectively. Besides, the test results indicate that by increasing the mass fraction of the nanoparticles beyond the limiting value of 0.07 the rate of solidification was not significant further. Furthermore, the rate of melting was improved significantly for the PCMs embedded with the dispersed nanoparticles than the pure PCMs. The analytical solutions obtained for the pure and dispersed nanoparticles based PCMs were validated using the experimental results. The deviations observed between the analytical solutions and the experimental results were in the range of 10%–13%. Based on the analytical and experimental results the present nanoencapsulated LTES system can be regarded as a potential substitute for the conventional LTES system in buildings for achieving enhanced heat transfer characteristics and energy efficiency.
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    Editorial for the Special Issue “Heat Transfer Enhancement and Fluid Flow Features Due to the Addition of Nanoparticles in Engineering Applications"
    (MDPI, 2023-02) Bhattacharyya, Suvanjan
    This Special Issue titled “Heat Transfer Enhancement and Fluid Flow Features Due to the Addition of Nanoparticles in Engineering Applications” comprises nine original research articles devoted to recent advances, as well as up-to-date progress, in all areas of heat transfer due to the addition of different types of nanoparticles in engineering and its influence on emerging technologies. The application of nanofluids which are fluids including suspended solid particles with diameters below 100 nm has clearly increased since the past two decades. Nanofluids are considered as potential working fluids to improve heat transfer characteristics compared with conventional fluids due to the high thermal conductivity of the suspended particles. Furthermore, they are ideally suited for practical applications in distinct domains due to their remarkable characteristics. Thermal systems are one of the most important parts of various industries, which have always been researched due to their cooling abilities and improved efficiency. Because of the wide applications of natural convection in cooling industrial tools, this challenging topic has gathered the attention of many researchers. Natural convection has wide applications in various industries and technologies such as growing crystals, cooling microchips, oil extraction, solar collectors, voltage increase transformers, etc. The optimization of heat transfer devices for reaching higher levels of efficiency requires the miniaturization of devices and increased heat transfer per unit surface at the same time. In tandem, this Special Issue highlights the techniques for enhancing convective heat transfer, including passive techniques such as treated surfaces, rough surfaces, extended surfaces, displaced enhancement devices, swirl flow devices, coiled tubes, surface tension devices, and additives for fluids such as nanoparticles.
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    Thermal P erformance of N ano R efrigerants: A Short R eview
    (Journal of Mechanical Engineering Research and Developments, 2021) Bhattacharyya, Suvanjan
    The effort to promote energy efficient and environmentally friendly nano based refrigerants is now being favoured. To this effect, in this paper, the new trend, prospects , and investigations of nano based refrigerant in refrigeration systems are reviewed. It was found that various thermal characteristics have been reported as favourable regarding nano refrige rants. These include a reduction in the power consumption, increase in the coefficient of performance (COPr), improved tribological pressure drop property of nano lubricant, and increase in the thermal conductivity of the hybrid refrigerant. The discussions here thus suggest that nano particles are highly favoured to be included in a typical refrigera tion system.
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    Integrated DEP Assisted Detection of PCR Products With Metallic Nanoparticle Labels Through Impedance Spectroscopy
    (IEEE, 2022-10) Bhatt, Geeta
    Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is gaining immense popularity in the current times due to the ease of integration with microelectronics. Keeping this aspect in mind, various detection schemes have been developed to make impedance detection of nucleic acids more specific. In this context, the current work makes a strong case for specific DNA detection through EIS using nanoparticle labeling approach and also an added selectivity step through the use of dielectrophoresis (DEP), which enhances the detection sensitivity and specificity to match the detection capability of quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) in real-time context as compared to the individually amplified DNA (Liu et al. , 2008). The detection limit of the proposed biochip is observed to be 3–4 PCR cycles for 582 bp bacterial DNA, where the complete procedure of detection starts in less than 10 min. The process of integrated DEP capture of labeled products coming out of PCR and their impedance-assisted detection is carried out in an in-house micro-fabricated biochip. The gold nanoparticles, which possess excellent optical, chemical, electronic, and biocompatibility properties and are capable of generating lump-like DNA structure without modifying its basic impedance signature are introduced to the amplified DNA through the nanoparticle labeled primers.
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    Governing Influence of Thermodynamic and Chemical Equilibria on the Interfacial Properties in Complex Fluids
    (ACS, 2018-03) Harikrishnan, A.R.
    We propose a comprehensive analysis and a quasi-analytical mathematical formalism to predict the surface tension and contact angles of complex surfactant-infused nanocolloids. The model rests on the foundations of the interaction potentials for the interfacial adsorption–desorption dynamics in complex multicomponent colloids. Surfactant-infused nanoparticle-laden interface problems are difficult to deal with because of the many-body interactions and interfaces involved at the meso-nanoscales. The model is based on the governing role of thermodynamic and chemical equilibrium parameters in modulating the interfacial energies. The influence of parameters such as the presence of surfactants, nanoparticles, and surfactant-capped nanoparticles on interfacial dynamics is revealed by the analysis. Solely based on the knowledge of interfacial properties of independent surfactant solutions and nanocolloids, the same can be deduced for complex surfactant-based nanocolloids through the proposed approach. The model accurately predicts the equilibrium surface tension and contact angle of complex nanocolloids available in the existing literature and present experimental findings.
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    Effect of Interaction of Nanoparticles and Surfactants on the Spreading Dynamics of Sessile Droplets
    (ACS, 2017) Harikrishnan, A.R.
    While a body of literature on the spreading dynamics of surfactants and a few studies on the spreading dynamics of nanocolloids exist, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, there are no reports on the effect of presence of surfactants on the spreading dynamics of nanocolloidal suspensions. For the first time the present study reports an extensive experimental and theoretical study on the effect of surfactant impregnated nanocolloidal complex fluids in modulating the spreading dynamics. A segregation analysis of the effect of surfactants alone, nanoparticle alone, and the combined effect of nanoparticle and surfactants in altering the spreading dynamics have been studied in detail. The spreading dynamics of nanocolloidal solutions alone and of the surfactant impregnated nanocolloidal solutions are found to be grossly different, and particle morphology is found to play a predominant role. For the first time the present study experimentally proves that the classical Tanner’s law is disobeyed by the complex fluids in the case of particle alone and combined particle and surfactant case. We also discuss the role of imbibitions across the particle wedge in the precursor film in tuning spreading dynamics. We propose an analytical model to predict the nature of dependency of contact radius on time for the complex colloids. A detailed theoretical examination of the governing factors, the interacting forces at the three phase contact line, and the effects of interplay of surfactants and the nanoparticles at the precursor film in modulating the spreading dynamics has been presented for such complex colloids.
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    Wettability of Complex Fluids and Surfactant Capped Nanoparticle-Induced Quasi-Universal Wetting Behavior
    (ACS, 2017-06) Harikrishnan, A.R.
    Even though there are quite large studies on wettability of aqueous surfactants and a few studies on effects of nanoparticles on wettability of colloids, to the best of authors’ knowledge, there is no study reported on the combined effect of surfactant and nanoparticles in altering the wettability. The present study, for the first time, reports an extensive experimental and theoretical study on the combined effect of surfactants and nanoparticles on the wettability of complex fluids such as nanocolloids on different substrates, ranging from hydrophilic with a predominantly polar surface energy component (silicon wafer and glass) to near hydrophobic range with a predominantly dispersive component of surface energy (aluminum and copper substrates). Systematically planned experiments are carried out to segregate the contributing effects of surfactants, particles, and combined particle and surfactants in modulating the wettability. The mechanisms and the governing parameters behind the interactions of nanocolloids alone and of surfactant capped nanocolloids with different surfaces are found to be grossly different. The article, for the first time, also analyzes the interplay of the nature of surfaces, surfactant and particle concentrations on contact angle, and contact angle hysteresis (CAH) of particle and surfactant impregnated colloidal suspensions. In the case of nanoparticle suspensions, the contact angle is observed to decrease for the hydrophobic system and increase for the hydrophilic systems considered. On the contrary, the combined particle and surfactant colloidal system shows a quasi-unique wetting behavior of decreasing contact angle with particle concentration on all substrates. Also interestingly, the combined particle surfactant system at all particle concentrations shows a wetting angle much lower than that of the only-surfactant case at the same surfactant concentration. Such counterintuitive observations have been explained based on the near-surface interactivity of the particle, fluid, and surfactant molecules based on effective slip length considerations. The CAH analyses of colloidal suspensions at varying surfactant and particle concentrations reveal in-depth physical insight into contact line pinning, and a unique novel relationship is established between the contact angle and differential energy for distorting the instantaneous contact angle for a pinned sessile droplet. A detailed theoretical analysis of the governing parameters influencing the wettability has been presented invoking the principles of DLVO (Derjaguin–Landau–Verwey–Overbeek), surface energy and interaction parameters influencing at the molecular scale, and the theoretical framework is found to support the experimental observations.
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    Effects of interplay of nanoparticles, surfactants and base fluid on the surface tension of nanocolloids
    (Springer, 2017-05) Harikrishnan, A.R.
    A systematically designed study has been conducted to understand and demarcate the degree of contribution by the constituting elements to the surface tension of nanocolloids. The effects of elements such as surfactants, particles and the combined effects of these on the surface tension of these complex fluids are studied employing the pendant drop shape analysis method by fitting the Young-Laplace equation. Only the particle has shown an increase in the surface tension with particle concentration in a polar medium like DI water, whereas only a marginal effect of particles on surface tension in weakly polar mediums like glycerol and ethylene glycol has been demonstrated. Such behaviour has been attributed to the enhanced desorption of particles to the interface and a theory has been presented to quantify this. The combined particle and surfactant effect on the surface tension of a complex nanofluid system showed a decreasing behaviour with respect to the particle and surfactant concentration with a considerably feeble effect of particle concentration. This combined colloidal system recorded a surface tension value below the surface tension of an aqueous surfactant system at the same concentration, which is a counterintuitive observation as only the particle results in an increase in the surface tension and only the surfactant results in a decrease in the surface tension. The possible physical mechanism behind such an anomaly happening at the complex fluid air interface has been explained. Detailed analyses based on thermodynamic, mechanical and chemical equilibrium of the constituents and their adsorption-desorption characteristics as extracted from the Gibbs adsorption analysis have been provided. The present paper conclusively explains several physical phenomena observed, yet hitherto unexplained, in the case of the surface tension of such complex fluids by segregating the individual contributions of each component of the colloidal system.