Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
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Item Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs)—Survey of Current Applications, Evolution, and Future Directions(IEEE, 2023-12) Chalapathi, G.S.S.Non-fungible tokens (NFTs) have become an exciting technology that provides a fresh perspective on asset ownership, provenance, and value exchange. NFTs, a blockchain-based technology, are distinct and indivisible cryptographic tokens used to confirm and record the ownership of digital and physical assets in an immutable and transparent way. The fundamental block of NFT is a smart contract built on a blockchain network. This contract contains specific information about the asset it represents, such as its unique identifier, metadata, and ownership details. The information is kept private and tamper-proof due to the decentralized and distributed structure of the blockchain, boosting faith in the token’s authenticity. The NFT is gaining popularity, but it is still in the developing stage. There is a need for a comprehensive survey to guide future research and development in NFTs. Thus, this paper presents the technical components of NFTs, their features, and the minting process. Further, this survey paper describes different token standards for NFTs. It presents various applications of NFTs in healthcare, supply chain, gaming, identity verification, agriculture, intellectual property, smart cities, charity and donation, and education. The article also emphasizes the significant difficulties faced currently in implementing NFT technology from the viewpoints of ownership, governance, and property rights, as well as security, privacy, and environmental effects. This work also elucidates the future directions to overcome the challenges in adopting NFTs in various applications.Item A Blockchain based Framework for Secure Data Offloading in Tactile Internet Environment(IEEE, 2020) Chamola, Vinay; Chalapathi, G.S.S.The rapid increase in the number of mobile devices across the globe has brought a new challenge to the forefront, one of mobile traffic management. The ever-increasing number of mobile devices leads to the generation of a large amount of data and computationally intensive applications, which contributes heavily to cellular network congestion. To solve this issue, we propose a mobile data offloading scheme based on a distributed ledger technology (DLT). Existing mobile data offloading schemes based on DLT employ conventional blockchain to set up a peer-to-peer (P2P) network of mobile users. Although these schemes have gained ground in improving the Quality of Experience (QoE) for end-users, they lack efficiency and scalability. Furthermore, generic blockchain does not provide timestamp ordering of events, which is necessary to ensure the computation of delay-sensitive tasks. To overcome these challenges, we propose the use of a directed acyclic graph (DAG) data structure for mobile data offloading. Finally, to ensure time and cost optimality, a game-theoretic approach has been proposed in this paper.Item A Framework for Secure Vehicular Network using Advanced Blockchain(IEEE, 2020) Chamola, Vinay; Chalapathi, G.S.S.Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET) poses to be a promising technology for the future since it increases the comfort level of the drivers while also enhancing the safety measures for them. The main aim of VANETs is to enable communication among vehicles and roadside units (RSUs) using vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-RSU (V2R) networks. VANET applications have a vast potential for growth owing to the increasing number of smart cities around the globe and advancement taking place in the technology sector. However, with all their benefits, VANETs also face several security challenges. The sensitive nature of data being transferred turns VANETs prone to malicious attacks. To overcome the security challenges, this paper proposes a distributed Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) enabled vehicular network comprising several requesting vehicles and RSUs. The proposed model is based on advanced blockchain and therefore provides a strong level of security and data immutability. Furthermore, the interactions between the requesting vehicles and the RSUs have been modeled using an auction-based game-theoretic smart contract deployed on the blockchain.