Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
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Item Development of a Novel Strategy with Electrical Vehicles to Mitigate Frequency Aberration in Microgrid(IEEE, 2018) Mathur, Hitesh DattPower system complexity is growing rapidly with changing scenario of load characteristic. Microgrid is a feasible solution to cater to varying load for maintaining power quality parameters especially frequency and voltage. The microgrid, consisting of different types of intermittent sources and loads, is liable to a substantially high frequency aberration. This needs to be mitigated at a faster rate in order to supply quality power supply to consumers. This paper focuses on development of a novel control strategy for quick active power support by electric vehicles (EV) to suppress frequency deviation caused due to fluctuating load. This approach senses the frequency change and communicates with EV aggregator to supply required amount of active power to microgrid. It is simulated on MATLAB/Simulink platform and results obtained are encouraging in terms of critical parameters i.e. settling time and peak over/undershootItem Investigation of Virtual Inertia Topologies Considering Energy Storage Systems and Multi-Resource Virtual Power Plant(IEEE, 2022) Mathur, Hitesh DattDue to the high penetration of renewable energy sources (RES) into the power system, the distributed generators lack the rotating component to emulate inertia leading to frequency fluctuations. In this paper, multi-resource virtual power plant (VPP) with electric vehicle (EV) and data center (DC), with their batteries as energy storage systems (ESS) is considered to compensate for frequency fluctuations. Further case study of irradiance and load fluctuation is considered, which supports the frequency in a grid-connected microgrid with PV and a hydroelectric generator. Frequency support has been evaluated using three different techniques: conventional droop control, the frequency derivative model of the virtual synchronous generator (VSG) method, and the swing equation model of VSG. Comparison has been performed using multi-resource VPP, and it is observed that the VSG technique shows better performance compared to the droop approach while providing frequency support to the considered system.Item Electric Vehicle Impact Analysis in a Microgrid Using Optimized Bio-Inspired Non-Integer Controller(IEEE, 2019) Mathur, Hari OmDuring peak hours of load demand in micro-grid (MG), the power frequency faces more excursion from a nominal value thereby deteriorating the power quality. The main idea is to utilize the EV power during peak load in to a MG system to limit the under frequency deviation and to charge the EV during off peak hours when the generation is surplus. This paper simulates a MG model in MATLAB/Simulink with EV as one of the sources using PID and fractional order PID (FOPID) controller to regulate the frequency deviation. The parameters of PID and FOPID controller are being optimized using genetic algorithm (GA) for improvement in the time response of frequency deviation of MG. The total energy model (TEM) of EV has been used for MG simulation. The optimized parameters obtained for PID, GAPID, FOPID and GAFOPID has been recorded for analysis. The GAFOPID based controller gives the better response for the defined objective function.Item Frequency Excursion Mitigation in a Multi-source Islanded Energy System Using Meta-Heuristic Optimization Strategies(IEEE, 2020) Mathur, Hitesh DattDistributed Energy Resources and Electric vehicles are getting more popular in the energy market. They are emerging as promising concepts that can bring a revolution in the field of energy resources and transportation systems. The integration of different renewable energy resources and electric vehicles leads to a comprehensive microgrid (MG). It is a fact that an increase in power demand leads to a drop in power frequency and vice-versa, which adversely affects the power quality of the system. Therefore, the primary idea of this research work is to regulate frequency by controlling the wind power and available EV power. In this paper, a detailed MG model is simulated in MATLAB/Simulink with wind and EV as one of the sources using fractional order PID (FOPID) controller. Further, parameters of FOPID controller is optimized by using Ant Colony Optimization(ACO) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). The frequency responses, wind power, and EV power results are compared for three cases; FOPID without optimization, ACO based FOPID, and PSO based FOPID. The generalized wind model and total energy model (TEM) are used for simulating wind source and EV, respectively. Optimizer based FOPID controller provides a better response for the defined objective function.Item Modeling and Analysis of a V2G Scheme: A Concept in Smart Grid(IEEE, 2020) Bansal, Hari OmVehicle-to-Grid (V2G) model has the potential for providing a distributed reserve to the power system developed for large scale implementation of Hybrid Electric Vehicle model. The authors proposed a modified V2G control model managing the various renewable energy sources, vehicles' idle time and power generation, simultaneously, according to the vehicle user's day schedule. Vehicle-to-Grid power is controlled with respect to the desirable battery State-of-Charge and the detected plug-in terminal. In this paper, the proposed control block is implemented in MATLAB/Simulink. Performances of the control structure, the interface, the communication, the system efficiency, and time responses are analyzed by various simulated plots.Item Enablers and Barriers of Electric Vehicle in India: A Review(IEEE, 2020) Bansal, Hari Om; Goyal, PraveenIndia contributes a major share of the total greenhouse gases on Earth. Many Indian cities are grappling with air pollution, majority of which is the result of increasing number of vehicles on roads. To contain the rising pollution, countries all over the world are working on alternative sources of energy to meet their energy demand. India out of all countries is in dire need of an intervention to reduce air pollution. Electric vehicles offer a clean alternative mobility solution and can be relatively easily introduced in the two and three wheeler market in India. The present study discusses the need for electric vehicles in India and the technologies available in the market which can be implemented in the Indian scenario. The paper also discusses about the policy decisions taken by the government and investments made by Indian automotive makers in electric vehicle segment. Finally, the paper highlights some of the barriers which are preventing or slowing the growth of electric vehicles in India.Item Green transportation: need, technology and challenges(Inder Science, 2015) Bansal, Hari OmInternal combustion (IC) engine based vehicles are the backbone of the modern transport sector. These vehicles use fossil fuels as a source of energy to propel it and emit toxic gases. These noxious gases harm the environment and causes human health problems. Hasty usage of fossil fuels results in rapid depletion of these resources and price inflation. These concerns encourage the modern society to discover alternatives for sustainable future transportation. Various fuel efficient technologies, like hybrid vehicles, are essentially the solution to fulfil the world's need of greener environment. This paper discusses about various aspects like sources of pollution, decreasing level of fossil fuel, dependency on oil energy and need of green vehicles. It suggests to adopt hybrid vehicles, tells the challenges in accepting them as part of the transportation system and their remedies also. The status of hybrid vehicles on the roads worldwide and initiatives taken by different governments are discussed in lucent manner. The paper deliberately describes governments' schemes to focus on securing its energy resources, trim down reliance on fossil fuels and to promote hybrid vehicles on roads in the pollution–free world.Item Sizing Scheme of Hybrid Energy Storage System for Electric Vehicle(Springer, 2021-03) Bansal, Hari Om; Singh, DheerendraEnergy storage system (batteries) plays a vital role in the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs). Li-ion batteries have high energy storage-to-volume ratio, but still, it should not be charged/discharged for short periods frequently as it results in degradation of their state of health (SoH). To resolve this issue, a conventional energy storage system (ESS) is being replaced by hybrid ESS (HESS). The requirement of high-voltage energy sources is increasing with the increasing number of performance based EVs. High-voltage storages are usually difficult to design due to the involvement of higher rating devices; hence, there is a need to create a method to modularize the storage. Modularization can be implemented using lower rating converters to decouple the ultra-capacitors (UCs) and batteries from the load, reducing the cost of storage. This article proposes a fully active series–parallel HESS topology which uses a set of UCs deployed in conjunction with the batteries. UCs provide the advantage of quick and frequent charging/discharging without degrading the battery SoH and are also used to absorb most of the energy generated due to regenerative braking. The major source of energy is Li-ion cells which provide the energy required to run the vehicle, whereas the UCs will provide above-average energy required by the motor. The proposed topology is managed by rule-based energy management systems (EMS), which considers pre-decided threshold parameters of various storage devices. Firstly, a power-based method to find the specifications of UCs and batteries is described which provides specifications for ESS hybridization. The proposed method, which is based on the prescribed set of limiting values of current and voltages, tries to maintain the UC voltage and battery current within range. This method reduces the above-average peaks of the required current from the batteries. Similarly, while recharging due to the regenerative braking, the proposed method removes the above-average peaks of the charging current of UCs. The proposed topology along with the EMS provides better state of charge (SoC) levels, giving a 38.6% increase in SoH levels of the batteries.Item A comprehensive assessment of the techno-socio-economic research growth in electric vehicles using bibliometric analysis(Springer, 2021-10) Bansal, Hari Om; Goyal, PraveenElectric vehicles (EVs) have proved capable of solving many of the environment’s problems such as reducing harmful pollutants’ emission along with having greater motor efficiency than gasoline vehicles. This study presents a bibliometric analysis of 10,426 publications from the year 1989 to 2020, obtained from Web of Science™ (WoS) core collection (CC). An initial citation analysis was done using Histcite to identity the leading nations, institutes, authors, and journals performing research related to EVs. Following this, a co-citation analysis was performed using VOSviewer, which generates clusters that are further analyzed to identify the key domains in EV research. A research overview in EVs over the last three decades is presented that can serve various stakeholders in this field of study. The results of this study will highlight the critical research areas in the field of EVs. Additionally, it will also provide various insights that may help the policymakers, practitioners and associations to accelerate EV adoption by the end-users.Item Intelligent switching mechanism for power distribution in photovoltaic-fed battery electric vehicles(Springer, 2022) Bansal, Hari OmThe paper provides a quick and robust power control mechanism for electric vehicles with integrated photovoltaic panels. Traditionally, photovoltaic power is solely used to charge the battery which feeds various power loads. However, this process is inefficient due to the incessant charging and discharging losses that occur in the battery. This paper proposes a distribution of power via an intelligent switching mechanism to various accessory loads so as to reduce these losses. Furthermore, a key component of this design is to estimate the maximum power available from the photovoltaic module in arbitrary environmental conditions. To do this, a fast and accurate polynomial regression model is presented. The performance of the model has been compared with several feed-forward neural networks with different hidden layers and nodes. The feed-forward neural network has been trained using the Levenberg–Marquardt back propagation method. The entire simulation has been carried out in MATLAB and Simulink 2018a. To validate the accuracy of this system, it has verified in real time on a hardware-in-the-loop testing platform using MicroLabBox hardware controller. It is shown that the proposed polynomial regression model provides an accurate estimate of maximum power in a much shorter duration compared with the neural networks. The formulated switching mechanism results in greater final SOC as compared to traditional power distribution schemes. This allows for longer cruising range for an electric vehicle ceteris paribus.